In this study we used p-type [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and nickel oxide] and n-type (sol–gel and nanoparticle zinc oxides) materials as transporting layers for PM6:Y6–based organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. These solution-processed transporting layers exhibited various surface energies, morphologies, and roughnesses that affected the subsequent growth of PM6:Y6 blend films. Using atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray spectroscopy, we observed various PM6:Y6 blend film morphologies on the different substrates. Furthermore, the surface-induced PM6:Y6 blend morphology influenced the mechanism of carrier recombination and, thereby, affected the device performance. Among our tested systems, the PEDOT:PSS–based devices exhibited superior surface properties, possessed larger phase-segregated domains, and featured strong molecular packing, all of which resulted in OPVs displaying power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 11.5%. When incorporating 1-chloronaphthalene as an additive during solution processing, the molecular packing was enhanced, thereby improving the PCE of the resulting devices from 11.5 to 13.4%. Devices incorporating ZnO (sol–gel) displayed performance comparable with that of the PEDOT:PSS–based devices, but exhibited superior air stability without encapsulation (25 °C, 40% humidity).

在这项研究中，我们使用p型[聚（3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩）：聚苯乙烯磺酸盐（PEDOT：PSS）和氧化镍]和n型（溶胶-凝胶和纳米氧化锌）材料作为PM6：Y6–的传输层基于有机光伏（OPV）的设备。这些固溶处理的传输层表现出各种表面能，形貌和粗糙度，影响了随后的PM6：Y6共混膜的生长。使用原子力显微镜和掠入射广角X射线光谱法，我们观察到了不同基材上的各种PM6：Y6共混膜形态。此外，表面诱导的PM6：Y6共混物形态影响载流子复合的机理，从而影响器件性能。在我们测试过的系统中，基于PEDOT：PSS的设备表现出卓越的表面性能，具有较大的相分离域，并具有很强的分子堆积特征，所有这些导致OPV的功率转换效率（PCE）高达11.5％。当在溶液加工过程中加入1-氯萘作为添加剂时，分子堆积得到增强，从而将所得器件的PCE从11.5％提高到13.4％。装有ZnO（溶胶-凝胶）的设备显示出的性能可与基于PEDOT：PSS的设备相媲美，但在不封装（25°C，40％湿度）的情况下仍具有出色的空气稳定性。从而将最终器件的PCE从11.5％提高到13.4％。装有ZnO（溶胶-凝胶）的设备显示出的性能可与基于PEDOT：PSS的设备相媲美，但在不封装（25°C，40％湿度）的情况下仍具有出色的空气稳定性。从而将最终器件的PCE从11.5％提高到13.4％。装有ZnO（溶胶-凝胶）的设备显示出的性能可与基于PEDOT：PSS的设备相媲美，但在不封装（25°C，40％湿度）的情况下仍具有出色的空气稳定性。