Respiratory viruses are opportunistic pathogens that infect the upper respiratory tract in humans and cause severe illnesses, especially in vulnerable populations. Some viruses have neuroinvasive properties and activate the immune response in the brain. These immune events may be neuroprotective or they may cause long-term damage similar to what is seen in some neurodegenerative diseases. The new “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the Respiratory viruses causing highly acute lethal pneumonia coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with clinical similarities to those reported in “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus”(SARS-CoV) and the “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus”(MERS-CoV) including neurological manifestation. To examine the possible neurological damage induced by SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to understand the immune reactions to viral infection in the brain, and their short- and long-term consequences. Considering the similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which will be discussed, cooperative homological and phylogenetical studies lead us to question if SARS-CoV-2 can have similar neuroinvasive capacities and neuroinflammatiory events that may lead to the same short- and long-term neuropathologies that SARS-CoV had shown in human and animal models. To explain the neurological manifestation caused by SARS-CoV-2, we will present a literature review of 765 COVID-19 patients, in which 18% had neurological symptoms and complications, including encephalopathy, encephalitis and cerebrovascular pathologies, acute myelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clinical studies describe anosmia or partial loss of the sense of smell as the most frequent symptom in COVID19 patients, suggesting that olfactory dysfunction and the initial ultrarapid immune responses could be a prognostic factor.

呼吸道病毒是机会病原体，可感染人类上呼吸道并引起严重疾病，尤其是在脆弱人群中。一些病毒具有神经入侵特性，并激活大脑中的免疫反应。这些免疫事件可能具有神经保护作用，或者可能导致长期损害，类似于某些神经退行性疾病所见。新的“严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2”（SARS-CoV-2）是引起高度急性致死性肺炎冠状病毒病2019（COVID-19）的呼吸道病毒之一，其临床相似性与“严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒” （SARS-CoV）和“中东呼吸综合症冠状病毒”（MERS-CoV）包括神经系统表现。为了检查SARS-CoV-2可能引起的神经系统损害，有必要了解针对脑部病毒感染的免疫反应及其短期和长期后果。考虑到将讨论的SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2之间的相似性，合作的同源性和系统发育研究使我们质疑SARS-CoV-2是否可以具有类似的神经侵袭能力和神经炎症事件，从而导致相同的以及SARS-CoV在人和动物模型中表现出的长期神经病理学。为了解释由SARS-CoV-2引起的神经系统表现，我们将对765例COVID-19患者进行文献综述，其中18％的患者具有神经系统症状和并发症，包括脑病，脑炎和脑血管病变，急性脊髓炎和Guillain-巴雷综合症。