Gender and fertility variation have an impact on mating dynamics in a population because they affect the gene exchange among parental members and the genetic composition of the resultant seed crops. Fertility is the proportional gametic contribution of parents to their progeny. An effective number of parents, derivative of effective population size, is the probability that two alleles randomly chosen from the gamete gene pool originated from the same parent. The effective number of parents is directly related to the fertility variation among parents, which should be monitored for manipulating gene diversity of seed crops. We formulated a fundamental equation of estimating the effective number of parents and applied it to a seed production population. Effective number of parents (Np) was derived from fertility variation (Ψ) considering covariance (correlation coefficient, r) between maternal and paternal fertility. The Ψ was calculated from the coefficient of variation in reproductive outputs and divided into female (ψf) and male (ψm) fertility variation in the population under study. The Np was estimated from the parental Ψ estimated by the fertility variation of maternal (ψf) and paternal (ψm) parents. The gene diversity of seed crops was monitored by Ψ and Np. in a 1.5 generation Pinus koraiensis seed orchard as a case of monoecious species. A large variation of female and male strobili production was observed among the studied 52 parents over four consecutive years, showing statistically significant differences across all studied years. Parental balance curve showed greater distortion in paternal than maternal parents. The Ψ ranged from 1.879 to 4.035 with greater ψm than ψf, and the Np varied from 14.8 to 36.8. When pooled, the relative effective number of parents was improved as 80.0% of the census number. We recommend the use of fertility variation (i.e., CV, Ψ), Person’s product-moment correlation (r), and effective number of parents (Np) as tools for gauging gene diversity of seed crops in production populations. For increasing Np and gene diversity, additional management options such as mixing seed-lots, equal cone harvest and application of supplemental-mass-pollination are recommended.

中文翻译：

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性别，生殖输出协变及其在红松种子园农作物基因多样性中的作用。

性别和生育力变化会影响种群中的交配动态，因为它们会影响亲代成员之间的基因交换和所得种子农作物的遗传组成。生育力是父母对其子代的配偶配子贡献。有效父母数量（有效种群大小的导数）是从配子基因库中随机选择的两个等位基因来自同一父母的概率。父母的有效数量直接关系到父母之间的育性变异，应监测该变异以控制种子作物的基因多样性。我们制定了估算父母有效数量的基本方程式，并将其应用于种子生产种群。父母的有效数量（Np）是从生育率变化（Ψ）得出的，其中考虑了母亲和父亲生育率之间的协方差（相关系数，r）。Ψ是根据生殖产出的变异系数计算得出的，分为研究人口的女性（ψf）和男性（ψm）生育力变化。Np是根据父母（Ψf）和父亲（ψm）父母的生育率变化估算的父母Ψ估算的。用Ψ和Np监测种子农作物的基因多样性。在1.5代红松种子园中，作为雌雄同株。在连续四年中，在研究的52个父母中观察到雌性和雄性球菌的产量存在很大差异，在所有研究年份中均显示出统计学上的显着差异。父母的平衡曲线显示，父母比父母的畸形更大。Ψ的范围为1.879至4.035，其中ψm大于ψf，Np从14.8至36.8。汇总后，父母的相对有效人数提高了人口普查人数的80.0％。我们建议使用生育率变异（即CV，Ψ），人的产品与活动的相关性（r）和有效父母数（Np）作为衡量生产人群中种子作物基因多样性的工具。为了增加Np和基因多样性，建议使用其他管理方法，例如混合种子田，等量收获锥果和应用补充传粉。父母的相对有效人数提高了普查人数的80.0％。我们建议使用生育率变异（即CV，Ψ），人的产品与活动的相关性（r）和有效父母数（Np）作为衡量生产人群中种子作物基因多样性的工具。为了增加Np和基因多样性，建议使用其他管理方法，例如混合种子田，等量收获锥果和应用补充传粉。父母的相对有效人数提高了普查人数的80.0％。我们建议使用生育率变异（即CV，Ψ），人的产品与活动的相关性（r）和有效父母数量（Np）作为衡量生产人群中种子作物基因多样性的工具。为了增加Np和基因多样性，建议使用其他管理选择，例如混合种子田，等量收获锥果和应用补充质量授粉。