Purpose: Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is a fast and effective method to prepare nanoporous coatings with high biological activity and bonding strength. Simple micro/nano-coatings cannot fully meet the requirements of osteogenesis. To further improve the biological activity of a titanium surface, we successfully added biological magnesium (Mg²⁺) to a coating by micro-arc oxidation and evaluated the optimal magnesium concentration in the electrolyte, biocompatibility, cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenesis in vitro.
Methods: Nanoporous titanium coatings with different concentrations of magnesium were prepared by micro-arc oxidation and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The Mg²⁺ release ability of the magnesium-incorporated nanoporous titanium coatings was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The cytotoxicity of the magnesium-incorporated nanoporous titanium coatings was detected with live/dead double-staining tests. A CCK-8 assay was employed to evaluate cell proliferation, and FITC-phalloidin was used to determine the structure of the cytoskeleton by staining β-actin. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated by alizarin red S (ARS) staining to determine the effect of the coatings on osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The mRNA expression of osteogenic differentiation-related markers was measured using qRT-PCR.
Results: EDS analyses revealed the successful addition of magnesium to the microporous coatings. The best magnesium concentration of the electrolyte for preparing the new coating was determined. The results showed that the nano-coatings prepared using the electrolyte with 2 g/L magnesium acetate best promoted the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).
Conclusion: These results suggest that the new titanium metal coating with a dual effect of promoting bone morphology and supplying the biological ion Mg²⁺ can be beneficial for rapid osseointegration.

Keywords: micro/arc oxidation, magnesium-incorporated nanoporous coating, osteoinductivity


中文翻译：

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一种用于快速骨整合的掺镁纳米多孔钛涂层

目的：微弧氧化（MAO）是一种快速有效的制备具有高生物活性和结合强度的纳米多孔涂层的方法。简单的微/纳米涂层不能完全满足成骨的要求。为了进一步提高钛表面的生物活性，我们通过微弧氧化成功地将生物镁 (Mg ²⁺ ) 添加到涂层中，并在体外评估了电解液中镁的最佳浓度、生物相容性、细胞粘附、增殖和成骨。 .
方法：采用微弧氧化法制备不同浓度镁的纳米多孔钛涂层，并通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱仪（EDS）对其进行表征。镁²⁺通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）测定了掺镁纳米多孔钛涂层的释放能力。采用活/死双染试验检测了掺镁纳米多孔钛涂层的细胞毒性。采用 CCK-8 测定法评估细胞增殖，并使用 FITC-鬼笔环肽通过染色 β-肌动蛋白来确定细胞骨架的结构。通过茜素红 S (ARS) 染色评估碱性磷酸酶 (ALP) 活性，以确定涂层对体外成骨分化的影响。使用 qRT-PCR 测量成骨分化相关标志物的 mRNA 表达。
结果：EDS 分析显示成功地将镁添加到微孔涂层中。确定了用于制备新涂层的电解液的最佳镁浓度。结果表明，使用含有 2 g/L 醋酸镁的电解质制备的纳米涂层最能促进骨髓间充质干细胞 (BMSCs) 的粘附、增殖和成骨分化。
结论：这些结果表明，具有促进骨形态和提供生物离子Mg ²⁺双重作用的新型钛金属涂层有利于快速骨整合。

关键词：微/弧氧化，掺镁纳米多孔涂层，骨诱导性