The devices forming the Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks need to be re-programmed over-the-air, so that new features are added, software bugs or security vulnerabilities are resolved and their applications can be re-purposed. The limitations of IoT devices, such as installation in locations with limited physical access, resource-constraint nature, large scale and high heterogeneity, should be taken into consideration for designing an efficient and reliable pipeline for over-the-air programming (OTAP). In this work, we present a survey of OTAP techniques, which can be applied to IoT networks. We highlight the main challenges and limitations of OTAP for IoT devices and analyse the essential steps of firmware update process, along with different approaches and techniques that implement them. In addition, we discuss schemes that focus on securing the OTAP process. Finally, we present a collection of state-of-the art open-source and commercial platforms that integrate secure and reliable OTAP.

中文翻译：

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用于物联网网络的固件无线编程技术——一项调查

构成物联网 (IoT) 网络的设备需要通过无线方式重新编程，以便添加新功能、解决软件错误或安全漏洞，并且可以重新调整其应用程序的用途。物联网设备的局限性，例如安装在物理访问受限的位置、资源约束性、大规模和高度异构性，应考虑设计高效可靠的无线编程管道（OTAP）。在这项工作中，我们对可应用于物联网网络的 OTAP 技术进行了调查。我们强调了物联网设备 OTAP 的主要挑战和局限性，并分析了固件更新过程的基本步骤，以及实现它们的不同方法和技术。此外，我们讨论了专注于保护 OTAP 过程的方案。最后，我们展示了一系列最先进的开源和商业平台，这些平台集成了安全可靠的 OTAP。