The rigidity and relatively primitive modes of operation of catheters equipped with sensing or actuation elements impede their conformal contact with soft-tissue surfaces, limit the scope of their uses, lengthen surgical times and increase the need for advanced surgical skills. Here, we report materials, device designs and fabrication approaches for integrating advanced electronic functionality with catheters for minimally invasive forms of cardiac surgery. By using multiphysics modelling, plastic heart models and Langendorff animal and human hearts, we show that soft electronic arrays in multilayer configurations on endocardial balloon catheters can establish conformal contact with curved tissue surfaces, support high-density spatiotemporal mapping of temperature, pressure and electrophysiological parameters and allow for programmable electrical stimulation, radiofrequency ablation and irreversible electroporation. Integrating multimodal and multiplexing capabilities into minimally invasive surgical instruments may improve surgical performance and patient outcomes.

配备有传感或驱动元件的导管的刚性和相对原始的操作模式阻碍了它们与软组织表面的共形接触，限制了它们的使用范围，延长了手术时间并增加了对高级手术技能的需求。在这里，我们报告了将先进的电子功能与导管集成到微创形式的心脏手术中的材料、设备设计和制造方法。通过使用多物理场建模、塑料心脏模型以及 Langendorff 动物和人类心脏，我们表明心内膜球囊导管上多层配置的软电子阵列可以与弯曲的组织表面建立共形接触，支持温度的高密度时空映射，压力和电生理参数，并允许可编程电刺激、射频消融和不可逆电穿孔。将多模式和多路复用功能集成到微创手术器械中可以提高手术性能和患者预后。