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Sunset and moonshine: Variable blue and yellow pigments used by Caspar David Friedrich in different creative periods revealed by in situ XRF imaging
X-Ray Spectrometry ( IF 1.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-07 , DOI: 10.1002/xrs.3195
Matthias Alfeld 1 , Kristina Mösl 2 , Ina Reiche 3, 4
Affiliation  

Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840), one of the most famous German 19th c. painters, created paintings throughout his artistic life using different paint palettes, including many new pigments from the turn from the 18th to the 19th century. In that regard especially blue and yellow pigments are the focus of this non-invasive chemical study using X-ray fluorescence imaging, as these are a landscape painter's major colours. Four paintings from the collection of the Alte Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-Stiftung Preusischer Kulturbesitz, spanning over two important decades of Friedrich's artistic career, were investigated in situ to determine the chemical composition of the blue pigments used in the sky and the yellow hues used in the sunsets and moonlight. The results indicate the use of iron based yellow pigments as well as smalt based blue pigments in Friedrich's early works, while chromium-based yellow pigments and cobalt blue are used in later paintings. The finding of cadmium sulphide in a painting dated in 1817, probably as a historical retouching, is interesting and requires further research. This in situ non-invasive imaging study, although limited to one analytical technique, shows Friedrich's introduction of new synthetic pigments into his paint palette, which varies over the time. These results are important to better understand the painting technique of Caspar David Friedrich and his contemporaries.

中文翻译:

日落和月光:原位 XRF 成像揭示了 Caspar David Friedrich 在不同创作时期使用的可变蓝色和黄色颜料

Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840),德国 19 世纪最著名的人物之一。画家在他的整个艺术生涯中使用不同的调色板创作绘画,包括从 18 世纪到 19 世纪的许多新颜料。在这方面,特别是蓝色和黄色颜料是这项使用 X 射线荧光成像的非侵入性化学研究的重点,因为它们是风景画家的主要颜色。来自 Alte Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-Stiftung Preusischer Kulturbesitz 收藏的四幅画作,跨越了弗里德里希艺术生涯的两个重要十年,被原位调查,以确定天空中使用的蓝色颜料的化学成分和黄色色调用于日落和月光。结果表明,弗里德里希早期的作品中使用了铁基黄色颜料和盐基蓝色颜料,而后来的绘画则使用了铬基黄色颜料和钴蓝。在 1817 年的一幅画中发现硫化镉,这可能是对历史的修饰,很有趣,需要进一步研究。这项原位非侵入性成像研究虽然仅限于一种分析技术,但表明弗里德里希将新的合成颜料引入他的调色板中,随着时间的推移而变化。这些结果对于更好地了解 Caspar David Friedrich 及其同时代人的绘画技巧非常重要。在 1817 年的一幅画中发现硫化镉,这可能是对历史的修饰,很有趣,需要进一步研究。这项原位非侵入性成像研究虽然仅限于一种分析技术,但表明弗里德里希将新的合成颜料引入他的调色板中,随着时间的推移而变化。这些结果对于更好地了解 Caspar David Friedrich 及其同时代人的绘画技巧非常重要。在 1817 年的一幅画中发现硫化镉,这可能是对历史的修饰,很有趣,需要进一步研究。这项原位非侵入性成像研究虽然仅限于一种分析技术,但表明弗里德里希将新的合成颜料引入他的调色板中,随着时间的推移而变化。这些结果对于更好地了解 Caspar David Friedrich 及其同时代人的绘画技巧非常重要。
更新日期:2020-09-07
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