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Strategies for governments to help close the coastal adaptation funding gap
Ocean & Coastal Management ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105223
Daniel Ware , Zsuzsa Banhalmi-Zakar

Abstract Coastal protection refers to measures that seek to reduce damage to coastal land and assets from natural hazards such as erosion and inundation. Coastal population growth and projected climate change impacts will expose more people, land and assets to erosion and inundation increasing demand for coastal protection. Established coastal protection funding approaches, such as general taxation, intergovernmental transfers (grants with no obligation for repayment), and private investment to protect private property are constrained in meeting the funding required for future coastal protection needs in many areas. The coastal adaptation funding gap is the difference between current funding and future demand, a problem for governments that requires the identification of alternative approaches to funding coastal protection. This article presents four case studies of alternative funding approaches used to deliver coastal protection projects in Australia. These cases we analysed to identify strategies governments can adopt to reduce the coastal adaptation funding gap: i) use statutory powers to coerce funding from private beneficiaries thereby ensuring that public funds are focused on public goods, where opportunities for private funding is limited; ii) seek standardisation of design of coastal protection and adopt a coordinating role to reduce costs for coastal protection across the project lifecycle; iii) include opportunities for income generation within the design stage of coastal protection projects to extend public funds; and; iv) use debt finance to align the timing of project costs to local benefits and reduce the time to obtain the required capital. In each of the cases, the combination of political imperative to act and the absence of access to established funding approaches appear to have motivated the use of alternative approaches. The findings provide important lessons for climate adaptation finance and coastal protection governance where identification of alternative funding approaches is necessary.

中文翻译:

政府帮助缩小沿海适应资金缺口的战略

摘要 海岸保护是指旨在减少自然灾害(如侵蚀和淹没)对海岸土地和资产的损害的措施。沿海人口增长和预计的气候变化影响将使更多的人、土地和资产遭受侵蚀和淹没,从而增加对沿海保护的需求。已建立的海岸保护筹资方法,例如一般税收、政府间转移(无偿付义务的赠款)和保护私有财产的私人投资,在满足许多地区未来海岸保护需求所需的资金方面受到限制。沿海适应资金缺口是当前资金和未来需求之间的差异,这是政府面临的一个问题,需要确定为沿海保护提供资金的替代方法。本文介绍了用于在澳大利亚实施海岸保护项目的替代融资方法的四个案例研究。我们分析了这些案例,以确定政府可以采取的减少沿海适应资金缺口的策略:i) 使用法定权力强制私人受益人提供资金,从而确保公共资金专注于公共产品,而私人资金的机会有限;ii) 寻求海岸保护设计的标准化,并在整个项目生命周期中发挥协调作用以降低海岸保护的成本;iii) 在沿海保护项目的设计阶段包括创收机会,以扩大公共资金;和; iv) 使用债务融资来调整项目成本与当地利益的时间安排,并减少获得所需资本的时间。在每一种情况下,采取行动的政治必要性和无法获得既定资助方法的结合似乎促使人们使用替代方法。研究结果为气候适应融资和海岸保护治理提供了重要的经验教训,其中需要确定替代融资方法。
更新日期:2020-12-01
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