Abstract The effect of phosphonate-based antiscalant on the precipitation kinetics of gypsum under the hyper-saline solutions relevant to the Red Sea-Dead Sea desalination project was studied. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect on the induction times and rates of nucleation and gypsum crystal growth. A wide range of ionic strength (5.5–9 m), pH (6.33–6.91) and oversaturation with respect to the mineral (1.69 ≤ Ωgypsum ≤ 2.11) were covered in the experiments. Induction times in solutions that contained the antiscalant were longer by about 20–500% compared to solutions with a similar composition that did not contain the antiscalant. In the presence of the antiscalant fewer crystals precipitated that were larger in size. The specific surface area of the crystals that precipitated in solutions that contained the antiscalant were smaller in about 20–500% than those that precipitated in solutions that did not contain the antiscalant, and the relative specific surface area was in agreement with the induction time. We conclude that increased interfacial tension in the presence of the antiscalant, retards nucleation and reduces the surface area available for growth. Subsequent rates of crystal growth were impervious to the presence of the antiscalant.

中文翻译：

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基于膦酸盐的阻垢剂对高盐溶液中石膏沉淀动力学和习性的影响：计划中的红海 - 死海项目的实验和建模方法

摘要 研究了膦酸盐类阻垢剂对红海-死海海水淡化项目高盐溶液下石膏沉淀动力学的影响。进行批量实验以确定对成核和石膏晶体生长的诱导时间和速率的影响。实验涵盖了广泛的离子强度 (5.5–9 m)、pH (6.33–6.91) 和矿物的过饱和度 (1.69 ≤ Ω石膏 ≤ 2.11)。与不包含阻垢剂的类似组成的溶液相比，包含阻垢剂的溶液的诱导时间要长约 20-500%。在阻垢剂的存在下，析出的尺寸较大的晶体较少。在含有阻垢剂的溶液中沉淀的晶体的比表面积比在不含阻垢剂的溶液中沉淀的晶体小约 20-500%，并且相对比表面积与诱导时间一致。我们得出结论，在阻垢剂存在下增加的界面张力会阻碍成核并减少可用于生长的表面积。随后的晶体生长速率不受阻垢剂存在的影响。延迟成核并减少可用于生长的表面积。随后的晶体生长速率不受阻垢剂存在的影响。阻碍成核并减少可用于生长的表面积。随后的晶体生长速率不受阻垢剂存在的影响。