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The Orphan Tsunami of 1524 on the Konkan Coast, Western India, and Its Implications
Pure and Applied Geophysics ( IF 2 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-07 , DOI: 10.1007/s00024-020-02575-0
C. P. Rajendran , Mohammad Heidarzadeh , Jaishri Sanwal , A. Karthikeyan , Kusala Rajendran

In comparison to the east coast, the tsunami hazard for the west coast of India remains under-recognized, despite the impact in 1945 following a Mw 8.1 earthquake in the Makran subduction zone in the northern Arabian Sea. The previous occurrences of tsunamis in the Arabian Sea that would have a bearing on the west coast of India are being debated, including the question whether the Makran region has the potential to generate greater-magnitude earthquakes. With this in the backdrop, we present here the historical and geological evidence of a tsunami impact zone from a site on the Konkan Coast of western India. Located in the village of Kelshi, the impact zone is preserved within a coastal dune complex that also reveals occupation layers. This laterally extending 30–40-cm-thick zone, coinciding with a habitation level, displays varied sedimentary structures including scour-fill features, and is inter-layered with shells, at a height of ~ 3 m from the high-tide level. We attribute these sedimentary features to a tsunami flooding event that was contemporaneous with the transportation of shells, dated at 1508–1681 CE. The geological inference matches with the description by the Portuguese fleets of a sea disturbance in 1524 CE, reported from Dabhol, not far from Kelshi, and also from the Gulf of Cambay, located about 500 km to the north. Precluding submarine landslide scenarios, the modeling results suggest that the high impact in Kelshi could have been generated by a Mw ≥ 9 earthquake sourced in the Makran subduction zone. It is, however, intriguing how a Mw ≥ 9 earthquake in the Makran region finds no mention in the historical documentation. We underscore the need for fresh efforts along the Makran coast to reconstruct the tsunami recurrence history that would generate required validating constraints on the 1524 event, if it was indeed generated by a massive earthquake among other mechanisms.

中文翻译:

1524 年发生在印度西部康坎海岸的孤儿海啸及其影响

与东海岸相比,尽管 1945 年阿拉伯海北部马克兰俯冲带发生了 8.1 级地震,但对印度西海岸的海啸危害仍未得到充分认识。之前在阿拉伯海发生的海啸会对印度西海岸产生影响,目前正在辩论中,包括马克兰地区是否有可能发生更大地震的问题。以此为背景,我们在此展示来自印度西部康坎海岸一处遗址的海啸影响区的历史和地质证据。撞击区位于 Kelshi 村,保存在一个沿海沙丘综合体中,该沙丘综合体也揭示了占领层。这个横向延伸 30-40 厘米厚的区域,与居住水平相吻合,显示出包括冲刷特征在内的各种沉积结构,并在距高潮位约 3 m 的高度与贝壳相间。我们将这些沉积特征归因于公元 1508-1681 年与贝壳运输同时发生的海啸洪水事件。地质推论与葡萄牙船队对公元 1524 年海上扰动的描述相符,据报道来自距离凯尔希不远的达博尔以及距离北部约 500 公里的坎贝湾。排除海底滑坡情景,建模结果表明,Kelshi 的高影响可能是由 Makran 俯冲带发生的 Mw ≥ 9 地震造成的。然而,有趣的是,历史文献中没有提到 Makran 地区发生 Mw ≥ 9 级的地震。
更新日期:2020-09-07
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