Macroids and rhodoliths, made by encrusting acervulinid foraminifera and coralline algae, are widely recognized as bioengineers providing relatively stable microhabitats and increasing biodiversity for other species. Macroid and rhodolith beds occur in different depositional settings at various localities and bathymetries worldwide. Six case studies of macroid/rhodolith beds from 0 to 117 m water depth in the Pacific Ocean (northern Central Ryukyu Islands, French Polynesia), eastern Australia (Fraser Island, One Tree Reef, Lizard Island), and the Mediterranean Sea (southeastern Spain) show that nodules in the beds are perforated by small-sized boring bivalve traces (Gastrochanolites). On average, boring bivalve shells (gastrochaenids and mytilids) are more slender and smaller than those living inside shallow-water rocky substrates. In the Pacific, Gastrochaena cuneiformis, Gastrochaena sp., Leiosolenus malaccanus, L. mucronatus, L. spp., and Lithophaga/Leiosolenus sp., for the first time identified below 20 m water depth, occur as juvenile forms along with rare small-sized adults. In deep-water macroids and rhodoliths the boring bivalves are larger than the shallower counterparts in which growth of juveniles is probably restrained by higher overturn rates of host nodules. In general, most boring bivalves are juveniles that grew faster than the acervulinid foraminiferal and coralline red algal hosts and rarely reached the adult stage. As a consequence of phenotypic plasticity, small-sized adults with slow growth rates coexist with juveniles. Below wave base macroids and rhodoliths had the highest amounts of bioerosion, mainly produced by sponges and polychaete worms. These modern observations provide bases for paleobiological inferences in fossil occurrences.

中文翻译：

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在现代珊瑚礁和深水巨人石和菱锰矿床中钻孔的双壳类动物痕迹

通过包裹有孔的有孔虫和珊瑚藻制成的巨人和杜鹃花，被公认为是提供相对稳定的微生境和增加其他物种生物多样性的生物工程师。巨蜥和杜鹃石床出现在世界各地不同位置和水深的不同沉积环境中。太平洋（琉球中部北部，法属波利尼西亚北部），澳大利亚东部（弗雷泽岛，一树礁，蜥蜴岛）和地中海（西班牙东南部）水深0至117 m的类巨石/菱锰矿床的六个案例研究）表明床上的结核被小而无聊的双壳类动物痕迹（胃肠小孔）。平均而言，无聊的双壳贝壳（胃肠蠕虫和肉毒蛾）比生活在浅水岩石基质中的那些更细长，更小。在太平洋地区，Gastrochaena cuneiformis，Gastrochaena属，Leiosolenus malaccanus，L.松材线虫，大号。spp。和Lithophaga / Leiosolenus首次发现水深在20 m以下时，与稀有小型成年动物一起以幼体形式出现。在深水巨人类和杜鹃石中，无聊的双壳类动物比浅类中的双壳类动物更大，后者中幼虫的生长可能受到寄主结节的高翻转率的限制。通常，大多数无聊的双壳类动物是幼虫，其生长速度快于有孔虫有孔虫和珊瑚红藻宿主，很少达到成年阶段。由于表型可塑性，生长缓慢的小型成年人与少年并存。波浪基以下的类人猿和杜鹃石具有最高的生物侵蚀，主要是海绵和多毛蠕虫产生的。这些现代观察为化石发生中的古生物学推断提供了基础。