The standard material of the ceramic layer in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)—a solid solution of ZrO2 stabilized with (6–8 wt.%) Y2O3 (YSZ)—approaches the temperature limit of its application (<1200°C) because the ZrO2 t′ phase sinters and undergoes t′-ZrO2 → T-ZrO2 + F-ZrO2 phase transformations to form M-ZrO2 at elevated temperatures. Ceramic materials for a new generation of TBCs need to be developed to increase the operating temperature (up to 1600°C), efficiency, and productivity of gas-turbine engines. The overview paper analyzes research efforts focusing on the development of TBCs using solid solutions of ZrO2 with rare-earth metal and titanium oxides. When Y2O3 in YSZ is partially substituted by CeO2, TiO2, La2O3, Sc2O3, Gd2O3, Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Er2O3, and Ta2O5, ceramics with high phase stability (ZrO2 t′ phase being retained in the coating) up to 1500°C, lower thermal conductivity, and required fracture toughness and sintering resistance but shorter thermal fatigue life than that of standard YSZ are produced. The concepts of greater tetragonality of the ZrO2 t′ phase (ceramics in the ZrO2–CeO2–TiO2 system) and a ‘multicomponent defective cluster’ (ceramics in the ZrO2–Y2O3–Nd2O3 (Gd2O3, Sm2O3)–Yb2O3 (Sc2O3) system) explain how the operating temperature of the TBC ceramic layer increases to 1350°C and 1600°C, respectively. The thermal conductivity of TBC ceramics in the binary ZrO2–CeO2, ZrO2–Er2O3, ZrO2–Sm2O3, ZrO2–Nd2O3, ZrO2–Gd2O3, ZrO2–Dy2O3, and ZrO2–Yb2O3 systems is lower than that of YSZ. Ceramics with high phase stability and low thermal conductivity have been produced in the ternary ZrO2–Sc2O3–Gd2O3, ZrO2–CeO2–Gd2O3, ZrO2–YbO1.5–TaO2.5, and ZrO2–Yb2O3–TiO2 systems. An integrated approach is needed to choose the composition of the ceramic layer based on the ZrO2 solid solution, select the coating technique, and improve the coating architecture to design effective TBCs with balanced properties.

中文翻译：

---

基于 ZrO2 固溶体的热障涂层

热障涂层 (TBC) 中陶瓷层的标准材料 - 用 (6–8 wt.%) Y2O3 (YSZ) 稳定的 ZrO2 固溶体 - 接近其应用的温度极限 (<1200°C)，因为ZrO2 t' 相烧结并在高温下经历 t'-ZrO2 → T-ZrO2 + F-ZrO2 相变以形成 M-ZrO2。需要开发用于新一代 TBC 的陶瓷材料，以提高燃气轮机发动机的工作温度（高达 1600°C）、效率和生产率。概述文件分析了专注于使用 ZrO2 与稀土金属和钛氧化物的固溶体开发 TBC 的研究工作。当 YSZ 中的 Y2O3 被 CeO2、TiO2、La2O3、Sc2O3、Gd2O3、Nd2O3、Yb2O3、Er2O3 和 Ta2O5 部分取代时，生产出的陶瓷在高达 1500°C 时具有高相稳定性（ZrO2 t' 相保留在涂层中）、较低的热导率和所需的断裂韧性和耐烧结性，但比标准 YSZ 的热疲劳寿命更短。ZrO2 t' 相（ZrO2–CeO2–TiO2 系统中的陶瓷）和“多组分缺陷簇”（ZrO2–Y2O3–Nd2O3 (Gd2O3, Sm2O3)–Yb2O3 (Sc2O3) 系统中的陶瓷）更大四方性的概念解释如何将 TBC 陶瓷层的工作温度分别提高到 1350°C 和 1600°C。TBC陶瓷在ZrO2-CeO2、ZrO2-Er2O3、ZrO2-Sm2O3、ZrO2-Nd2O3、ZrO2-Gd2O3、ZrO2-Dy2O3和ZrO2-Yb2O3二元体系中的热导率低于YSZ。在三元 ZrO2–Sc2O3–Gd2O3、ZrO2–CeO2–Gd2O3、ZrO2–YbO1.5–TaO2.5 和 ZrO2–Yb2O3–TiO2 体系中已经生产出具有高相稳定性和低热导率的陶瓷。需要一种综合方法来选择基于 ZrO2 固溶体的陶瓷层的成分，选择涂层技术，并改进涂层结构，以设计具有平衡性能的有效 TBC。