Nematodes colonize almost all aquatic habitats worldwide. Despite their small size, restricted locomotion and lack of pelagic larvae, they can reach even isolated habitats within a short time. In this review, we examine the underlying dispersal modes, considering their active movement in substrates and water, their drift by water and wind, rafting, zoochory as well as human-mediated vectors. These modes are limited by morphology and habitat structure, ecological factors and especially by hydrodynamics. Active dispersal is effective over short distances, but with increasing water-flow velocity, passive dispersal modes, which enable long-range transfer, become important. In fact, the transport of nematodes over thousands of kilometers via ship water tanks and by hitchhiking on sea turtles has been documented. Overland dispersal vectors include wind and birds whereas rafting enables an aggregated distribution because food is available, and reproduction is possible onboard the rafts. The diversity of possible dispersal modes is high and offers a reasonably chance for gravid females or groups of nematodes to be transferred even to remote environments. Their immigration is continuous, and supported by their rapid, parthenogenetic reproduction, nematodes are effective pioneers with the ability to (re)colonize new or disturbed habitats or rebalance already existing communities.

中文翻译：

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无处不在的能力：自由生活的水生线虫的传播模式

线虫在世界范围内几乎所有的水生栖息地定居。尽管它们体型小、运动受限且缺乏远洋幼虫，但它们甚至可以在短时间内到达偏远的栖息地。在这篇综述中，我们研究了潜在的传播模式，考虑到它们在基质和水中的主动运动、它们在水和风中的漂移、漂流、动物以及人类介导的载体。这些模式受到形态和栖息地结构、生态因素，尤其是流体动力学的限制。主动扩散在短距离内有效，但随着水流速度的增加，能够实现远距离转移的被动扩散模式变得重要。事实上，已经记录了线虫通过船舶水箱和搭便车在海龟身上运输数千公里的情况。陆上传播媒介包括风和鸟类，而漂流可以实现聚集分布，因为有食物，并且可以在筏上繁殖。可能的传播模式的多样性很高，并且为怀孕的雌性或线虫群提供了一个合理的机会，甚至可以将其转移到偏远的环境中。它们的迁徙是连续的，并且受到它们快速、孤雌生殖的支持，线虫是有效的先驱，能够（重新）定殖新的或受干扰的栖息地或重新平衡现有的群落。可能的传播模式的多样性很高，并且为怀孕的雌性或线虫群提供了一个合理的机会，甚至可以将其转移到偏远的环境中。它们的迁徙是连续的，并且受到它们快速、孤雌生殖的支持，线虫是有效的先驱，能够（重新）定殖新的或受干扰的栖息地或重新平衡现有的群落。可能的传播模式的多样性很高，并且为怀孕的雌性或线虫群提供了一个合理的机会，甚至可以将其转移到偏远的环境中。它们的迁徙是连续的，并且受到它们快速、孤雌生殖的支持，线虫是有效的先驱，能够（重新）定殖新的或受干扰的栖息地或重新平衡现有的群落。