Successful adaptation to global climate change and enhancement of agricultural watersheds' resilience requires widespread use of Nutrient Best Management Practices (NBMPs) by farms of all sizes. In the US, adoption of many NBMP practices is voluntary and insufficient to achieve local and downstream conservation objectives. Despite evidence that both social-psychological factors and socio-economic factors influence farmer decision-making, very few studies of farmers' decision-making related to NBMP adoption combine these two factor groups in a theoretically rigorous way. To better understand farmers' management decisions, we test the social-psychological Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to determine the relative influence of attitudes, perceived social norms, and perceived behavioral control on adoption of nine NBMPs. A survey was designed by the research team and implemented by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS) in 2013, and replicated in 2016, on a stratified sample of 129 farmers (including panel data on 56 farmers). Farmers were located in the Missisquoi, and Lamoille River watersheds of the Lake Champlain Basin in the Northeast region of the United States. Survey responses revealed variation in past adoption of NBMPs was sensitive to practice type and farm size. We developed nine weighted structural equation models to test endogenous (social-psychological) and exogenous (policy, economic and demographic) predictors of farmer intention to adopt NBMPs. We found that perceived behavioral control had the largest effect size and strongest statistical significance on the farmers' expressed intentions to adopt NBMPs in the future. For a subset of NBMPs, perceived social norms and farmer attitudes toward these NBMPs were each also significant drivers of intention to adopt individual practices. Among the exogenous variables, we found that large farm size, college education, and having a conservation easement all had a positive influence on farmers' intention to adopt NBMPs. This study suggests that for widespread adoption of NBMPs, environmental managers, policy makers, and program developers should be attentive to farmers' perceived behavioral control, and support the design and execution of outreach and technical assistance programs that build on drivers of farmers’ decision making.

成功适应全球气候变化并增强农业流域的适应力，需要各种规模的农场广泛使用营养最佳管理规范（NBMP）。在美国，采用许多NBMP做法是自愿的，不足以实现本地和下游的保护目标。尽管有证据表明社会心理因素和社会经济因素都对农民的决策产生影响，但是很少有关于农民采用非营利性生产方式的决策研究在理论上严格地将这两个因素组合在一起。为了更好地了解农民的管理决策，我们测试了计划行为的社会心理理论（TPB），以确定态度，感知的社会规范和感知的行为控制对采用9种NBMP的相对影响。研究团队设计了一项调查，并于2013年由美国农业部国家农业统计局（USDA-NASS）实施，并于2016年重复进行，该调查对129名农民进行了分层抽样（包括有关56名农民的面板数据）。农民位于美国东北地区尚普兰湖盆地的密西西比河和拉莫耶河分水岭。调查反馈显示，过去采用NBMP的方法对实践类型和农场规模很敏感。我们开发了九个加权结构方程模型，以测试农民采用NBMP的内在（社会心理）和外在（政策，经济和人口）预测因素。我们发现，知觉行为控制对农民的影响最大，统计学意义最强。表示有意在将来采用NBMP。对于NBMP的子集而言，公认的社会规范和农民对这些NBMP的态度也是促使人们采用个体做法的重要驱动力。在外在变量中，我们发现农场规模大，大学教育程度高以及拥有保护地都对农民采用NBMP的意愿产生了积极影响。这项研究表明，为了广泛采用NBMP，环境经理，政策制定者和计划制定者应该关注农民的行为控制，并支持设计和执行基于农民决策驱动力的外展和技术援助计划。人们对这些NBMP的公认的社会规范和农民态度也是促使人们采用个体做法的重要驱动力。在外在变量中，我们发现农场规模大，大学教育程度高以及拥有保护地都对农民采用NBMP的意愿产生了积极影响。这项研究表明，为了广泛采用NBMP，环境经理，政策制定者和计划制定者应该关注农民的行为控制，并支持设计和执行基于农民决策驱动力的外展和技术援助计划。人们对这些NBMP的公认的社会规范和农民态度也是促使人们采用个体做法的重要驱动力。在外在变量中，我们发现农场规模大，大学教育程度高以及拥有保护地都对农民采用NBMP的意愿产生了积极影响。这项研究表明，为了广泛采用NBMP，环境经理，政策制定者和计划制定者应注意农民的行为控制，并支持设计和执行基于农民决策驱动力的外展和技术援助计划。保护性地役权对农民采用NBMP的意愿都有积极影响。这项研究表明，为了广泛采用NBMP，环境经理，政策制定者和计划制定者应注意农民的行为控制，并支持设计和执行基于农民决策驱动力的外展和技术援助计划。保护性地役权对农民采用NBMP的意愿都有积极影响。这项研究表明，为了广泛采用NBMP，环境经理，政策制定者和计划制定者应注意农民的行为控制，并支持设计和执行基于农民决策驱动力的外展和技术援助计划。