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Living alone or moving in herds? A holistic approach highlights complexity in the social lifestyle of Cretaceous ankylosaurs
Cretaceous Research ( IF 2.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104633
Gábor Botfalvai , Edina Prondvai , Attila Ősi

Abstract Gregarious behaviour of large bodied herbivorous dinosaurs, such as ceratopsians, hadrosaurs and sauropods, has received much attention due to their iconic mass death assemblages (MDAs). Yet, social lifestyle of ankylosaurs, a highly specialized group of armoured herbivores that flourished predominantly during the Cretaceous Period, remains largely ambiguous. Whereas most ankylosaurs are found as isolated individuals, which may suggest a dominantly solitary lifestyle, the few examples of ankylosaur MDAs indicate that some members of this clade could have been gregarious. In this review, we assess taphonomic history, ontogenetic composition of the MDAs, defence system and other comparative anatomical attributes, and inferred habitat characteristics of ankylosaurs; aspects that may indicate and/or influence group formation in extant herbivores and can also be studied in fossils. We show that the ankylosaurian gross anatomy, such as their heavy armour, barrel-shaped body and usually stocky limbs, combined with the rarity of their MDAs and multiple parallel trackways, all suggest a solitary adult life with efficient anti-predator defence system, limited agility, and confined foraging range. However, characteristics of the known MDAs of Pinacosaurus, Gastonia, and the Iharkut nodosaurids evaluated in this study imply that at least some ankylosaurs formed groups. Nevertheless, we found no common and consistent set of features to explain why these particular ankylosaurs were gregarious. While inefficient anti-predator defence along with likely higher agility of juvenile Pinacosaurus living in open habitats could account for their gregarious behaviour, such ontogenetic, anatomical and habitat features are not combined either in Gastonia or in the Iharkut nodosaurid MDAs. Instead, members of each MDA likely had their own specific conditions driving them to form relatively small herds, indicating a more complex social structuring in ankylosaurs than previously acknowledged. Studying morphological and functional disparity within Ankylosauria may help explain the repertoire of their social behaviour. Our holistic approach shows that combining palaeontological and biological information is essential and can provide new insights into the behavioural ecology of long extinct vertebrates.

中文翻译:

独居还是成群结队?整体方法突出了白垩纪甲龙社会生活方式的复杂性

摘要 角龙类、鸭嘴龙类和蜥脚类等大型草食性恐龙的群居行为因其标志性的大规模死亡组合(MDA)而备受关注。然而,甲龙是一种高度专业化的装甲食草动物群,主要在白垩纪时期繁盛,其社会生活方式在很大程度上仍然模棱两可。虽然大多数甲龙被发现是孤立的个体,这可能表明主要是孤独的生活方式,但甲龙 MDA 的少数例子表明该进化枝的一些成员可能是群居的。在这篇综述中,我们评估了甲龙的埋藏历史、MDA 的个体发育组成、防御系统和其他比较解剖学属性,以及推断的甲龙栖息地特征;可能表明和/或影响现存食草动物群体形成的方面,也可以在化石中进行研究。我们展示了甲龙的大体解剖结构,例如它们厚重的盔甲、桶状的身体和通常粗壮的四肢,再加上它们的 MDA 和多个平行轨道的稀有性,都表明它们的成年生活具有高效的反捕食者防御系统,有限敏捷性和有限的觅食范围。然而,本研究中评估的松龙、加斯托尼亚和 Iharkut 结节龙的已知 MDA 的特征表明,至少有一些甲龙形成了群体。尽管如此,我们没有发现一组共同和一致的特征来解释为什么这些特殊的甲龙是群居的。虽然低效的反捕食者防御以及生活在开放栖息地的幼年 Pinacosaurus 可能更高的敏捷性可以解释它们的群居行为,但在加斯托尼亚或 Iharkut 结节龙 MDA 中,这种个体发育、解剖和栖息地特征没有结合在一起。相反,每个 MDA 的成员可能都有自己的特定条件,促使它们形成相对较小的群,这表明甲龙的社会结构比以前承认的要复杂。研究甲龙的形态和功能差异可能有助于解释它们的社会行为。我们的整体方法表明,将古生物学和生物信息相结合是必不可少的,并且可以为已灭绝的脊椎动物的行为生态学提供新的见解。这种个体发育、解剖和栖息地特征在加斯托尼亚或 Iharkut 结节龙类 MDA 中都没有结合在一起。相反,每个 MDA 的成员可能都有自己的特定条件,促使它们形成相对较小的群,这表明甲龙的社会结构比以前承认的要复杂。研究甲龙的形态和功能差异可能有助于解释它们的社会行为。我们的整体方法表明,将古生物学和生物信息相结合是必不可少的,并且可以为已灭绝的脊椎动物的行为生态学提供新的见解。这种个体发育、解剖和栖息地特征在加斯托尼亚或 Iharkut 结节龙类 MDA 中都没有结合在一起。相反,每个 MDA 的成员可能都有自己的特定条件,促使它们形成相对较小的群,这表明甲龙的社会结构比以前承认的要复杂。研究甲龙的形态和功能差异可能有助于解释它们的社会行为。我们的整体方法表明,将古生物学和生物信息结合起来是必不可少的,并且可以为已灭绝的脊椎动物的行为生态学提供新的见解。每个 MDA 的成员可能都有自己的特定条件,驱使它们形成相对较小的群,这表明甲龙的社会结构比以前承认的要复杂。研究甲龙的形态和功能差异可能有助于解释它们的社会行为。我们的整体方法表明,将古生物学和生物信息结合起来是必不可少的,并且可以为已灭绝的脊椎动物的行为生态学提供新的见解。每个 MDA 的成员可能都有自己的特定条件,驱使它们形成相对较小的群,这表明甲龙的社会结构比以前承认的要复杂。研究甲龙的形态和功能差异可能有助于解释它们的社会行为。我们的整体方法表明,将古生物学和生物信息相结合是必不可少的,并且可以为已灭绝的脊椎动物的行为生态学提供新的见解。
更新日期:2021-02-01
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