Abstract There is a public concern that smartphone communication undermines well-being by displacing face-to-face interactions. However, research on this “social displacement hypothesis” has provided mixed results. We examined when this hypothesis holds true (within-persons vs. between-persons) and tested an intervention to decrease smartphone communication. Participants (N = 109) reported daily on smartphone communication, face-to-face communication, and emotional well-being for fifteen days. At day six, participants were assigned to a mindfulness-treatment intervention group or a no-treatment control group. The social displacement hypothesis was confirmed at the within-person but not between-person level. Specifically, when someone communicates a lot using her smartphone during a particular day, that person engages in less face-to-face interactions during that same day. However, people who tend to spend a lot of time communicating on their smartphone do not engage in less face-to-face conversations than people who largely refrain from smartphone communication. The mindfulness-intervention reduced daily smartphone communication, which decreased negative emotions.

中文翻译：

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智能手机何时会取代面对面的互动，该怎么办？

摘要 公众担心智能手机通讯会取代面对面的互动而损害幸福感。然而，对这种“社会置换假说”的研究结果喜忧参半。我们检查了这个假设何时成立（人内与人之间），并测试了减少智能手机通信的干预措施。参与者 (N = 109) 每天报告智能手机交流、面对面交流和情绪健康十五天。在第六天，参与者被分配到正念治疗干预组或无治疗对照组。社会置换假说在人内而不是人与人之间得到证实。具体来说，当某人在某一天使用智能手机进行大量交流时，该人在同一天进行的面对面互动较少。然而，与在很大程度上避免使用智能手机交流的人相比，倾向于在智能手机上花费大量时间进行交流的人参与的面对面对话并不少。正念干预减少了日常智能手机的交流，从而减少了负面情绪。