A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train-induced ground and building vibrations. Simple models such as (one-dimensional) transfer matrices are used for the vehicle–track–soil interaction and for the building–soil interaction. The wave propagation through layered soils is approximated by a frequency-dependent homogeneous half-space. The prediction is divided into the parts “emission” (excitation by railway traffic), “transmission” (wave propagation through the soil) and “immission” (transfer into a building). The link between the modules is made by the excitation force between emission and transmission, and by the free-field vibration between transmission and immission. All formula for the simple vehicle–track, soil and building models are given in this article. The behaviour of the models is demonstrated by typical examples, including the mitigation of train vibrations by elastic track elements, the low- and high-frequency cut-offs characteristic for layered soils, and the interacting soil, wall and floor resonances of multi-storey buildings. It is shown that the results of the simple prediction models can well represent the behaviour of the more time-consuming detailed models, the finite-element boundary-element models of the track, the wavenumber integrals for the soil and the three-dimensional finite-element models of the building. In addition, measurement examples are given for each part of the prediction, confirming that the methods provide reasonable results. As the prediction models are fast in calculation, many predictions can be done, for example to assess the environmental effect along a new railway line. The simple models have the additional advantage that the user needs to know only a minimum of parameters. So, the prediction is fast and user-friendly, but also theoretically and experimentally well-founded.

针对列车引起的地面和建筑物振动，提出了一种简单而快速的预测方案。诸如（一维）传递矩阵之类的简单模型用于车辆-轨道-土壤相互作用以及建筑物-土壤相互作用。波在层状土壤中的传播可以通过频率相关的均匀半空间来近似。预测分为“发射”（铁路交通激励），“发射”（波在土壤中传播）和“发射”（转移到建筑物）部分。模块之间的链接是由发射和传输之间的激励力以及传输和发射之间的自由场振动建立的。本文给出了简单的车辆行驶轨迹，土壤和建筑模型的所有公式。模型的行为通过典型示例进行演示，包括通过弹性轨道元件减轻火车振动，分层土壤的低频和高频截止特性以及多层建筑物相互作用的土壤，墙壁和地板共振。结果表明，简单的预测模型的结果可以很好地表示耗时的详细模型，轨道的有限元边界元模型，土壤的波数积分和三维有限元模型的行为。建筑物的元素模型。此外，还针对预测的每个部分提供了测量示例，证实了这些方法可提供合理的结果。由于预测模型的计算速度很快，因此可以进行许多预测，例如评估一条新铁路沿线的环境影响。简单的模型还有一个额外的优点，即用户只需要知道最少的参数。因此，该预测是快速且用户友好的，而且在理论和实验上都是有根据的。