Hydro-meteorological conditions facilitate transport of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) to the nearshore environment, affecting recreational water quality. North Beach (Racine, Wisconsin, United States), is an exemplar public beach site along Lake Michigan, where precipitation-mediated surface runoff, wave encroachment, stormwater and tributary outflow were demonstrated to contribute to beach advisories. Multiple restoration actions, including installation of a stormwater retention wetland, were successfully deployed to improve recreational water quality. Implementation of molecular methods (e.g. human microbial source tracking markers and Escherichia coli (E. coli) qPCR) assisted in identifying potential pollution sources and improving public health response time. However, periodic water quality failures still occur. As local beach managers reassess restoration measures in response to climatic changes, use of expanded microbial methods (including bacterial community profiling) may contribute to a better understanding of these dynamic environments. In this 2-year study (2015 and 2019), nearshore/offshore Lake Michigan, stormwater, and tributary samples were collected to determine if, 1) the constructed wetland (~50 m from the shoreline) continued to provide stormwater separation/retention and 2) mixing between onshore sources, Root River and Lake Michigan, was increasing due to rising precipitation/lake levels. Monthly rainfall totals were 1.5× higher in 2019 than 2015, coinciding with a 0.63 m lake-level rise. The prevalence of more intense, onshore winds also increased, facilitating interaction between potential reservoirs of FIB with nearshore water through wind driven waves and lake intrusion, e.g. beach sands and the adjacent Root River. While a strong relationship existed between wet weather wetland and North Beach nearshore E. coli concentrations (all sites), bacterial communities were strikingly different. Conversely, bacterial community overlap existed between the Root River mouth and nearshore/offshore sites. These results suggest the constructed wetland can accommodate the climate-related changes observed in this study. Future restoration activities could be directed towards upstream tributary sources in order to minimize microbial contaminants entering Lake Michigan.

水文气象条件促进粪便指示菌 (FIB) 向近岸环境的运输，从而影响娱乐用水质量。北滩（美国威斯康星州拉辛）是密歇根湖沿岸一个典型的公共海滩站点，在那里降水介导的地表径流、波浪侵占、雨水和支流外流被证明有助于海滩咨询。多项修复行动，包括安装雨水保留湿地，已成功部署，以改善娱乐用水质量。分子方法的实施（例如人类微生物源追踪标记和大肠杆菌（E.coli) qPCR) 有助于识别潜在的污染源并缩短公共卫生响应时间。然而，周期性的水质故障仍然时有发生。随着当地海滩管理者重新评估应对气候变化的恢复措施，使用扩展的微生物方法（包括细菌群落分析）可能有助于更好地了解这些动态环境。在这项为期 2 年的研究（2015 年和 2019 年）中，收集了近岸/离岸密歇根湖、雨水和支流样本以确定：1）人工湿地（距海岸线约 50 m）是否继续提供雨水分离/滞留和2) 由于降水/湖泊水位上升，陆上源头、根河和密歇根湖之间的混合正在增加。2019 年的月降雨总量比 2015 年高 1.5 倍，同时为 0。63 m 湖水位上升。更强烈的陆上风的盛行也增加了，通过风力驱动的波浪和湖泊入侵，例如沙滩和邻近的根河，促进了 FIB 的潜在水库与近岸水之间的相互作用。虽然潮湿天气湿地和北滩近岸之间存在很强的关系大肠杆菌浓度（所有地点）、细菌群落都截然不同。相反，根河口和近岸/近海地点之间存在细菌群落重叠。这些结果表明，人工湿地可以适应本研究中观察到的与气候相关的变化。未来的恢复活动可以针对上游支流源，以尽量减少进入密歇根湖的微生物污染物。