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Relationship between international tourism and concentrations of PM 2.5 : an ecological study based on WHO data
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-03 , DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00524-6
Farhad Hemmati 1 , Fatemeh Dabbaghi 1 , Ghahraman Mahmoudi 1
Affiliation  

Tourism is regarded as a major global industry. Given the importance of identifying factors affecting the tourism industry and attracting international tourists, the present ecological study explored the impact of environmental pollution on the number of international tourists arrival using concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in size) in a multivariate framework under the context of 190 countries. Using panel data from 190 countries, the author explored the data on the number of international tourists arriving in countries in 2017 extracted from the World Bank (WB) website, and obtained the information about the concentrations of PM2.5 from the World Health Organization (WHO) website. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used to examine the correlation of the number of tourists with the variables of daily concentrations of PM2.5, societal safety, international conflict, and the relationship of tourist arrival with the studied variables, respectively. The number of countries with low, moderate, and high concentrations of PM2.5 in urban areas was 33, 116, and 41, respectively. This numbers for rural areas was 47, 102, and 42 countries, respectively. The mean concentrations of PM2.5 in the surveyed countries was 23.90 ± 15.81 and 25.69 ± 16.76 for rural and urban areas, respectively. The estimation results revealed that there was a significant correlation between the number of tourists with the concentrations of PM2.5 in the rural areas (p = 0.01). There was also a significant relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the concentration of PM2.5. A significant relationship was observed in the results of univariate linear regression analysis between tourist arrival with rural concentrations of PM2.5 (p = 0.02) and societal safety (p = 0.003). After adjusting the effect of societal safety variables, domestic and international conflict, the relationship between tourist arrivals and concentrations of PM2.5 in rural area remained significant (p = 0.02). The results imply that by reducing the concentration of PM2.5 the positive attitude of tourists for traveling to countries with healthy air can be earned.



中文翻译:

国际旅游与 PM 2.5 浓度的关系:基于 WHO 数据的生态研究

旅游业被视为全球主要产业。鉴于确定影响旅游业和吸引国际游客的因素的重要性,本生态研究使用多变量PM 2.5(颗粒物 2.5 微米或更小)的浓度探讨了环境污染对国际游客抵达数量的影响190 个国家背景下的框架。笔者利用190个国家的面板数据,对从世界银行(WB)网站提取的2017年国际游客入境人数数据进行探究,得到PM 2.5浓度信息来自世界卫生组织(WHO)网站。分别采用Pearson相关系数和线性回归分析考察旅游人数与PM 2 .5日浓度、社会安全、国际冲突、旅游人数与研究变量的关系等变量的相关性。城市地区PM 2.5低、中和高浓度的国家数量分别为 33、116 和 41 个。农村地区的这一数字分别为 47、102 和 42 个国家。PM 2.5的平均浓度在被调查国家,农村和城市地区分别为 23.90±15.81 和 25.69±16.76。估计结果显示,旅游人数与农村地区PM 2.5浓度之间存在显着相关性(p  = 0.01)。人类发展指数 (HDI) 与 PM 2.5浓度之间也存在显着关系。在游客到达与农村 PM 2.5浓度(p  = 0.02)和社会安全(p = 0.003)。调整社会安全变数,国内,国际冲突的影响后,旅游人数和PM浓度之间的关系2.5农村地区仍然显著(p  = 0.02)。结果表明,通过降低 PM 2.5的浓度,可以获得游客对前往空气健康国家的积极态度。

更新日期:2020-09-05
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