The use of inbred mice housed under standardized environmental conditions has been critical in identifying immuno-pathological mechanisms in different infectious and inflammatory diseases as well as revealing new therapeutic targets for clinical trials. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of preclinical intervention studies using well-defined mouse models of disease have progressed to clinically-effective treatments in patients. The reasons for this lack of bench-to-bedside transition are not completely understood; however, emerging data suggest that genetic diversity and housing environment may greatly influence muring immunity and inflammation. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain immune responses and/or disease phenotypes observed in inbred mice may be quite different than those observed in their outbred counterparts. These differences have been thought to contribute to differing immune responses to foreign and/or auto-antigens in mice vs. humans. There is also a growing literature demonstrating that mice housed under specific pathogen free conditions possess an immature immune system that remarkably affects their ability to respond to pathogens and/or inflammation when compared with mice exposed to a more diverse spectrum of microorganisms. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate that mice develop chronic cold stress when housed at standard animal care facility temperatures (i.e. 22–24 °C). These temperatures have been shown alter immune responses to foreign and auto-antigens when compared with mice housed at their thermo-neutral body temperature of 30–32 °C. Exposure of genetically diverse mice to a spectrum of environmentally-relevant microorganisms at housing temperatures that approximate their thermo-neutral zone may improve the chances of identifying new and more potent therapeutics to treat infectious and inflammatory diseases.

中文翻译：

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限制免疫学发现的动物实验中的基因组、微生物和环境标准化。

使用饲养在标准化环境条件下的近交小鼠对于确定不同传染性和炎症性疾病的免疫病理机制以及揭示临床试验的新治疗靶点至关重要。不幸的是，只有一小部分使用定义明确的小鼠疾病模型的临床前干预研究已经发展为对患者进行临床有效的治疗。缺乏从工作台到床边过渡的原因尚不完全清楚。然而，新出现的数据表明，遗传多样性和居住环境可能会极大地影响小鼠免疫和炎症。越来越多的证据表明，在近交小鼠中观察到的某些免疫反应和/或疾病表型可能与在远交小鼠中观察到的完全不同。这些差异被认为有助于小鼠与人类对外来和/或自身抗原的不同免疫反应。还有越来越多的文献表明，与暴露于更多样化微生物的小鼠相比，饲养在无特定病原体条件下的小鼠具有未成熟的免疫系统，显着影响它们对病原体和/或炎症的反应能力。此外，最近的研究表明，小鼠在标准动物护理设施温度（即 22–24 °C）下饲养时会产生慢性冷应激。与饲养在 30–32 °C 热中性体温下的小鼠相比，这些温度已被证明会改变对外来抗原和自身抗原的免疫反应。