Hydroxyapatite has been extensively used in tissue engineering due to its osteogenic potency, but its present toxicological facts are relatively insufficient. Here, the possible gastric toxicity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles was evaluated biochemically to determine oxidant and antioxidant parameters in rats’ stomach tissues. At results, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have declined stomach antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione level, while an induction in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide has been observed. Furthermore, DNA oxidation was analyzed by the suppression of toll-like receptors 2, nuclear factor-kappa B and Forkhead box P3 gene expression and also 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine level as a genotoxicity indicator. Various pro-inflammatory gene products have been identified that intercede a vital role in proliferation and apoptosis suppression, among these products: tumor suppressor p53, tumor necrosis factor-α and interliukin-6. Moreover, the hydroxyapatite-treated group revealed wide histological alterations and significant elevation in the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells, which has been observed in the mucosal layer of the small intestine, and these alterations are an indication of small intestine injury, while the appearance of chitosan and curcumin nanoparticles in the combination group showed improvement in all the above parameters with inhibition of toxic-oxidant parameters and activation of antioxidant parameters.

中文翻译：

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壳聚糖和姜黄素纳米颗粒在改善大鼠“胃组织中的遗传毒性和炎症反应”中的作用的生物评估，随后羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒的口服摄取。

羟基磷灰石由于其成骨能力已被广泛用于组织工程，但其目前的毒理学事实相对不足。在这里，通过生化评估羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒可能的胃毒性，以确定大鼠胃组织中的氧化和抗氧化参数。结果表明，羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒降低了胃抗氧化酶和谷胱甘肽水平，同时观察到了脂质过氧化和一氧化氮的诱导。此外，通过抑制 toll 样受体 2、核因子-κB 和 Forkhead box P3 基因表达以及 8-Oxo-2'-脱氧鸟苷水平作为基因毒性指标来分析 DNA 氧化。已鉴定出多种促炎基因产物，它们在增殖和细胞凋亡抑制中起重要作用，其中包括：肿瘤抑制因子 p53、肿瘤坏死因子-α 和白细胞介素 6。此外，羟基磷灰石治疗组显示出广泛的组织学改变和增殖细胞核抗原阳性细胞数量的显着增加，这已在小肠粘膜层中观察到，这些改变是小肠损伤的迹象，而组合组中壳聚糖和姜黄素纳米颗粒的出现显示出上述所有参数的改善，同时抑制了有毒氧化参数和激活了抗氧化参数。