This review based on a morphological and developmental perspective reveals a striking diversity in shapes and evolutionary trends in the gynoecium of core Caryophyllales that have affected the number of carpels, the formation of septa and the number of ovules. Two major developmental shifts are responsible for the diversity in gynoecial forms and are linked to the proportional development of carpellary tissue (ovary wall) and the floral apex. (1) Meristic change is caused by an expansion or reduction of the diameter of the floral apex. An expansion leads to polygyny linked with the development of more numerous small carpels; a reduction of space leads to lower carpel numbers, eventually resulting in a single carpel. (2) Different ovary shapes can be recognized at a mid-developmental stage predicting the further development of ovaries. With an equal growth of the ovary wall and floral apex, young ovaries take the shape of a salt-shaker; with more extensive development of the floral apex and delay of the ovary wall, a club-shaped ovary is formed; with faster growth of the ovary wall linked with intercalary expansion and a delayed growth of the floral apex, a (half-) inferior cup-shaped ovary develops. The different growth forms are the results of heterochronic shifts and affect the development of septa and ovule numbers. A common trend in the order implies a weakening and break-up of septa during development, leading to residual apical and basal septa and the shift to free-central and basal placentation. The club-shaped ovary is linked with an almost complete loss of septa and a reduction of the ovule number to one. The salt-shaker shape leads to ovaries with a massive placental column and several ovules. The cup-shaped ovary leads to a shift of ovules away from the floral apex. Developmental flexibility is responsible for a disconnection of carpel wall growth from ovular tissue. Subtle shifts in proportional growth lead to a high diversification of ovaries in core Caryophyllales and the establishment of predictable developmental trends. These trends clearly represent apomorphic tendencies, affecting different families of core Caryophyllales in different degrees. The ancestral gynoecium was probably pentamerous and isomerous with the other floral whorls, with ovules clearly separated from the carpellary wall and inserted on axile placentas corresponding to the central axis of the flower.

中文翻译：

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核心叶肉植物的雌蕊结构和发育：比例问题

这项基于形态学和发育观点的综述揭示了核心石竹叶的雌蕊的形状和进化趋势的显着多样性，这些变化影响了心皮的数量，隔垫的形成和胚珠的数量。两种主要的发育变化是妇科形态的多样性，与心律组织（卵巢壁）和花尖的成比例发育有关。（1）商业上的变化是由花尖的直径的扩大或缩小引起的。扩展导致一夫多妻制与更多小皮心的发展有关；减少空间会导致心皮数降低，最终导致单个心皮。（2）在卵巢的中期发育过程中，可以识别出不同的卵巢形状，从而预测卵巢的进一步发展。盐摇床; 随着花尖的广泛发育和子房壁的延迟，形成了棍状的子房。卵巢壁的生长较快，伴有cal间扩张，花尖的生长延迟，是一个（半）下杯形卵巢发达。不同的生长形式是异时移位的结果，并影响间隔和胚珠数量的发育。该顺序的共同趋势是在发育过程中隔垫减弱和破裂，导致残留的根尖和基底隔以及向游离中心和基础胎盘的转移。球杆状的子房与几乎完全的隔膜丢失和子房数减少到一个有关。摇盐器的形状会导致卵巢，其胎盘柱较大，胚珠数个。杯状的子房导致胚珠从花的先端移开。发育的柔韧性负责使心皮壁的生长与卵巢组织脱离。比例生长的细微变化导致核心石竹叶的卵巢高度多样化，并建立了可预测的发展趋势。这些趋势清楚地代表了无定形趋势，在不同程度上影响了核心石竹科的不同家族。雌雄同体的雌雄同体可能与其他花轮同生，并且同胚芽，胚珠清楚地与胡萝卜壁分开，并插入到与花的中轴相对应的腋窝胎盘上。