Two-mode valence electron configuration of carbon atoms lays the foundation of the unique two-mode amorphous state of the carbon solid. From the fundamentals of solid-state physics, sp³ and sp² amorphous carbons are two different species characterized by conceptually different short-range orders, namely, groups of tetrahedrally bonded sp³ configured atoms and nanoscale size-restricted sp² graphene domains framed with heteroatom necklaces. Molecular character of sp² amorphics is provided with chemical reactions accompanying the solids amorphization in due course of the enforced fragmentation.

中文翻译：

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sp2固体碳的非晶态

碳原子的二态价电子构型为碳固体独特的二态非晶态奠定了基础。从固态物理学的基本原理来看，sp ³ 和sp ² 非晶碳是两个不同的物种，其特征在于概念上的短程有序，即四面体键合的sp ³ 构型原子组和纳米级尺寸受限的sp ² 石墨烯结构域杂原子项链。在强制性断裂的适当过程中，伴随固体非晶化的化学反应提供了sp ² 非晶态的分子特征。