Previous work has shown that biaxial driving using two phase-offset orthogonal electric fields (propagation and lateral) improves the efficiency of ferroelectric materials by reducing coercivity and, hence, energy dissipation. In the current investigation, we demonstrated the capability of the biaxial method to steer ultrasound waves in single-element piezoceramic transducers made of prismatic lead zirconate titanate (PZT). We conducted finite element analysis simulations for 133 kHz (model 1) and 470 kHz biaxial (model 2) transducers models. We performed experimental validation with biaxially driven single-element transducers (n = 3) operating at an average frequency of 131 kHz with the same characteristics as model 1. For both models, we found non-symmetric steering that was a function of both the phase and power of the second electric field. At a constant electrical power (1 W) on the propagation electrodes, simulations for the 133 kHz model predicted maximal steering of 10.3°, 22.6°, and 30.9° for lateral electrode powers of 0.1 W, 0.5 W, and 1.0 W, respectively. Experimentally, for model 1, the maximal steering was 11.7° ± 1.9°, 23.5° ± 3.5°, and 30.2° ± 4.4° for the lateral electrode powers of 0.1 W, 0.5 W, and 1.0 W, respectively. Simulations for the 470 kHz model predicted maximal steering of 8.8°, 16.1°, and 27° for lateral electrode powers of 0.1 W, 0.5 W, and 1.0 W, respectively. Simulations showed that the cause of the steering asymmetry was a non-uniform shear deformation associated with the slightly off-resonance lateral electric field driving frequency. This is the first demonstration of ultrasound steering using a single-element transducer, which can have important applications for ultrasound focusing with phased arrays.

中文翻译：

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使用双轴驱动转向单晶锆钛酸铅超声换能器

先前的工作表明，使用两个相位偏移正交电场（传播和横向）的双轴驱动通过降低矫顽力和能量耗散来提高铁电材料的效率。在当前的调查中，我们展示了双轴方法在由棱柱形锆钛酸铅 (PZT) 制成的单元件压电陶瓷换能器中引导超声波的能力。我们对 133 kHz（模型 1）和 470 kHz 双轴（模型 2）换能器模型进行了有限元分析模拟。我们对双轴驱动的单元件换能器 (n = 3) 进行了实验验证，该换能器在 131 kHz 的平均频率下运行，具有与模型 1 相同的特性。对于这两种模型，我们发现非对称转向是两个相位的函数和第二电场的功率。在传播电极上的恒定电功率 (1 W) 下，133 kHz 模型的模拟预测，对于 0.1 W、0.5 W 和 1.0 W 的横向电极功率，最大转向分别为 10.3°、22.6° 和 30.9°。实验上，对于模型 1，对于 0.1 W、0.5 W 和 1.0 W 的横向电极功率，最大转向分别为 11.7°±1.9°、23.5°±3.5° 和 30.2°±4.4°。470 kHz 模型的模拟分别预测了 8.8°、16.1° 和 27° 的最大转向，横向电极功率分别为 0.1 W、0.5 W 和 1.0 W。模拟表明，转向不对称的原因是与略微偏离共振的横向电场驱动频率相关的非均匀剪切变形。这是使用单元件换能器进行超声转向的首次演示，