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Partial Blockade of Human Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels by the Marine Toxins Azaspiracids.
Chemical Research in Toxicology ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-02 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00216
Andrea Boente-Juncal 1 , Sandra Raposo-García 1 , Celia Costas 1 , M Carmen Louzao 1 , Carmen Vale 1 , Luis M Botana 1
Affiliation  

Azaspiracid toxins were first identified at the end of the last century in Irish mussels, and during the last two decades considerable cytotoxic and neurotoxic effects caused by these toxins have been described. Azaspiracids are synthesized by dinoflagellates and accumulate in several species of filter-feeding bivalve mollusks, thereby incorporating into the food chain and causing human intoxications. Among the cellular effects of azaspiracids, inhibition of spikes in neurons and hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane potential have been reported; however, the underlying processes leading to these effects were never elucidated. In this regard, initial studies reported no activity of the toxin in neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels, and a recent work described no effect of azaspiracid-1 on the inactivation kinetics of voltage-gated sodium channels; however, the relationship between the known alterations of the cytoskeleton caused by these toxins and their effects on ion channels has never been evaluated. In this work, the cytotoxic effect of azaspiracids was evaluated in human cells as well as their activity on voltage-gated sodium channels and in cell morphology in order to unravel the cellular targets involved in the mechanism of action of this group of marine toxins. The data reported here demonstrate, for the first time, that both azaspiracid-1 and azaspiracid-2 caused a rapid concentration-dependent inhibition of the amplitude of voltage-gated sodium currents without affecting their inactivation kinetics, an effect that was increased after long-term treatment of the cells with the toxin. Simultaneously, long-term exposure of the cells to azaspiracids caused a profound alteration of the cell cytoskeleton and decreased the metabolic activity of human cells. Altogether, the data presented here indicate that the partial blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels by these toxins is not related with their effect on the actin cytoskeleton. However, since azaspiracids are common toxins in European waters, their effect on voltage-gated sodium channels, first reported here, should be considered to avoid synergistic toxicity with other marine toxins that are known potent blockers of sodium channels such as the saxitoxins and tetrodotoxins, but further studies are needed in order to elucidate how these compounds alter ion homeostasis.

中文翻译:

海洋毒素 Azaspiracids 对人体电压依赖性钠通道的部分阻断。

Azaspiracid 毒素于上世纪末在爱尔兰贻贝中首次被发现,并且在过去的 20 年中已经描述了由这些毒素引起的相当大的细胞毒性和神经毒性作用。Azaspiracids 由甲藻合成并在几种滤食性双壳软体动物中积累,从而进入食物链并导致人类中毒。据报道,在氮杂螺酸的细胞作用中,抑制神经元尖峰和神经元膜电位的超极化;然而,导致这些影响的潜在过程从未被阐明。在这方面,初步研究报告称该毒素在神经元电压门控钠通道中没有活性,最近的一项工作描述了 azaspiracid-1 对电压门控钠通道的失活动力学没有影响;然而,这些毒素引起的细胞骨架已知改变与其对离子通道的影响之间的关系从未得到评估。在这项工作中,在人类细胞中评估了氮杂螺环酸的细胞毒性作用以及它们对电压门控钠通道和细胞形态的活性,以解开参与这组海洋毒素作用机制的细胞靶标。此处报告的数据首次表明,azaspiracid-1 和 azaspiracid-2 均引起电压门控钠电流幅度的快速浓度依赖性抑制,而不影响其失活动力学,长期用毒素处理细胞后,这种效果会增强。同时,细胞长期暴露于氮杂螺酸引起细胞骨架的深刻改变并降低人体细胞的代谢活性。总之,此处提供的数据表明,这些毒素对电压门控钠通道的部分阻断与其对肌动蛋白细胞骨架的影响无关。然而,由于氮杂螺酸是欧洲水域中的常见毒素,因此应考虑它们对电压门控钠通道的影响,首先在此报告,以避免与其他海洋毒素的协同毒性,这些海洋毒素是已知的钠通道强效阻滞剂,如石房蛤毒素和河豚毒素,但需要进一步研究以阐明这些化合物如何改变离子稳态。同时,细胞长期暴露于氮杂螺酸引起细胞骨架的深刻改变并降低人体细胞的代谢活性。总之,此处提供的数据表明,这些毒素对电压门控钠通道的部分阻断与其对肌动蛋白细胞骨架的影响无关。然而,由于氮杂螺酸是欧洲水域中的常见毒素,因此应考虑它们对电压门控钠通道的影响,首先在此报告,以避免与其他海洋毒素的协同毒性,这些海洋毒素是已知的钠通道强效阻滞剂,如石房蛤毒素和河豚毒素,但需要进一步研究以阐明这些化合物如何改变离子稳态。同时,细胞长期暴露于氮杂螺酸引起细胞骨架的深刻改变并降低人体细胞的代谢活性。总之,此处提供的数据表明,这些毒素对电压门控钠通道的部分阻断与其对肌动蛋白细胞骨架的影响无关。然而,由于氮杂螺酸是欧洲水域中的常见毒素,因此应考虑它们对电压门控钠通道的影响,首先在此报告,以避免与其他海洋毒素的协同毒性,这些海洋毒素是已知的钠通道强效阻滞剂,如石房蛤毒素和河豚毒素,但需要进一步研究以阐明这些化合物如何改变离子稳态。细胞长期暴露于氮杂螺酸引起细胞骨架的深刻改变并降低人体细胞的代谢活性。总之,此处提供的数据表明,这些毒素对电压门控钠通道的部分阻断与其对肌动蛋白细胞骨架的影响无关。然而,由于氮杂螺酸是欧洲水域中的常见毒素,因此应考虑它们对电压门控钠通道的影响,首先在此报告,以避免与其他海洋毒素的协同毒性,这些海洋毒素是已知的钠通道强效阻滞剂,如石房蛤毒素和河豚毒素,但需要进一步研究以阐明这些化合物如何改变离子稳态。细胞长期暴露于氮杂螺酸引起细胞骨架的深刻改变并降低人体细胞的代谢活性。总之,此处提供的数据表明,这些毒素对电压门控钠通道的部分阻断与其对肌动蛋白细胞骨架的影响无关。然而,由于氮杂螺酸是欧洲水域中的常见毒素,因此应考虑它们对电压门控钠通道的影响,首先在此报告,以避免与其他海洋毒素的协同毒性,这些海洋毒素是已知的钠通道强效阻滞剂,如石房蛤毒素和河豚毒素,但需要进一步研究以阐明这些化合物如何改变离子稳态。此处提供的数据表明,这些毒素对电压门控钠通道的部分阻断与其对肌动蛋白细胞骨架的影响无关。然而,由于氮杂螺酸是欧洲水域中的常见毒素,因此应考虑它们对电压门控钠通道的影响,首先在此报告,以避免与其他海洋毒素的协同毒性,这些海洋毒素是已知的钠通道强效阻滞剂,如石房蛤毒素和河豚毒素,但需要进一步研究以阐明这些化合物如何改变离子稳态。此处提供的数据表明,这些毒素对电压门控钠通道的部分阻断与其对肌动蛋白细胞骨架的影响无关。然而,由于氮杂螺酸是欧洲水域中的常见毒素,因此应考虑它们对电压门控钠通道的影响,首先在此报告,以避免与其他海洋毒素的协同毒性,这些海洋毒素是已知的钠通道强效阻滞剂,如石房蛤毒素和河豚毒素,但需要进一步研究以阐明这些化合物如何改变离子稳态。
更新日期:2020-10-21
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