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Awareness and Stimulus-Driven Spatial Attention as Independent Processes
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-02 , DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00352
Diane Baier , Florian Goller , Ulrich Ansorge

To investigate the relation between attention and awareness, we manipulated visibility/awareness and stimulus-driven attention capture among metacontrast-masked visual stimuli. By varying the time interval between target and mask, we manipulated target visibility measured as target discrimination accuracies (ACCs; Experiments 1 and 2) and as subjective awareness ratings (Experiment 3). To modulate stimulus-driven attention capture, we presented the masked target either as a color-singleton (the target stands out by its unique color among homogeneously colored non-singletons), as a non-singleton together with a distractor singleton elsewhere (an irrelevant distractor has a unique color, whereas the target is colored like the other stimuli) or without a singleton (no stimulus stands out; only in Experiment 1). As color singletons capture attention in a stimulus-driven way, we expected target visibility/discrimination performance to be best for target singletons and worst with distractor singletons. In Experiments 1 and 2, we confirmed that the masking interval and the singleton manipulation influenced ACCs in an independent way and that attention capture by the singletons, with facilitated performance in target-singleton compared to distractor-singleton conditions, was found regardless of the interval-induced (in-)visibility of the targets. In Experiment 1, we also confirmed that attention capture was the same among participants with worse and better visibility/discrimination performance. In Experiment 2, we confirmed attention capture by color singletons with better discrimination performance for probes presented at singleton position, compared to other positions. Finally, in Experiment 3, we found that attention capture by target singletons also increased target awareness and that this capture effect on subjective awareness was independent of the effect of the masking interval, too. Together, results provide new evidence that stimulus-driven attention and awareness operate independently from one another and that stimulus-driven attention capture can precede awareness.

中文翻译:

作为独立过程的意识和刺激驱动的空间注意力

为了研究注意力和意识之间的关系,我们在元对比掩蔽的视觉刺激中操纵了可见性/意识和刺激驱动的注意力捕获。通过改变目标和面罩之间的时间间隔,我们操纵了以目标识别精度(ACC;实验 1 和 2)和主观意识评级(实验 3)衡量的目标可见性。为了调节刺激驱动的注意力捕获,我们将蒙面目标呈现为颜色单例(目标以其独特的颜色在同色系非单例中脱颖而出),作为非单例与其他地方的干扰单例(不相关干扰项具有独特的颜色,而目标的颜色与其他刺激一样)或没有单例(没有突出的刺激;仅在实验 1 中)。由于颜色单例以刺激驱动的方式吸引注意力,我们预计目标可见性/辨别性能对目标单例最好,而对干扰单例最差。在实验 1 和 2 中,我们确认掩蔽间隔和单例操作以独立的方式影响 ACC,并且无论间隔如何,都发现单例的注意力捕获,与干扰单例条件相比,在目标单例中的表现更容易-诱导(in-)目标的可见性。在实验 1 中,我们还确认了注意力捕获在具有更差和更好可见性/辨别性能的参与者中是相同的。在实验 2 中,我们证实了颜色单例的注意力捕获对单例位置呈现的探针具有更好的辨别性能,与其他职位相比。最后,在实验 3 中,我们发现目标单例的注意力捕获也增加了目标意识,并且这种捕获对主观意识的影响也与掩蔽间隔的影响无关。总之,结果提供了新的证据,即刺激驱动的注意力和意识彼此独立运作,并且刺激驱动的注意力捕获可以先于意识。
更新日期:2020-09-02
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