Cosmological models in which dark matter consists of cold elementary particles predict that the dark halo population should extend to masses many orders of magnitude below those at which galaxies can form1-3. Here we report a cosmological simulation of the formation of present-day haloes over the full range of observed halo masses (20 orders of magnitude) when dark matter is assumed to be in the form of weakly interacting massive particles of mass approximately 100 gigaelectronvolts. The simulation has a full dynamic range of 30 orders of magnitude in mass and resolves the internal structure of hundreds of Earth-mass haloes in as much detail as it does for hundreds of rich galaxy clusters. We find that halo density profiles are universal over the entire mass range and are well described by simple two-parameter fitting formulae4,5. Halo mass and concentration are tightly related in a way that depends on cosmology and on the nature of the dark matter. For a fixed mass, the concentration is independent of the local environment for haloes less massive than those of typical galaxies. Haloes over the mass range of 10-3 to 1011 solar masses contribute about equally (per logarithmic interval) to the luminosity produced by dark matter annihilation, which we find to be smaller than all previous estimates by factors ranging up to one thousand3.

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暗物质晕在 20 个数量级的质量范围内的普遍结构

暗物质由冷基本粒子组成的宇宙学模型预测，暗晕群的质量应该比可以形成星系的质量低许多数量级1-3。在这里，我们报告了当暗物质被假定为质量约为 100 吉电子伏特的弱相互作用大质量粒子形式时，在整个观测到的晕质量范围（20 个数量级）上形成现代晕的宇宙学模拟。该模拟具有 30 个数量级的完整动态范围，并且解析了数百个地球质量晕圈的内部结构，其细节与数百个丰富的星系团一样。我们发现晕密度分布在整个质量范围内是通用的，并且可以通过简单的双参数拟合公式 4,5 很好地描述。晕质量和浓度在某种程度上紧密相关，这取决于宇宙学和暗物质的性质。对于固定质量，对于质量小于典型星系的晕晕，浓度与当地环境无关。质量范围在 10-3 到 1011 个太阳质量范围内的晕对暗物质湮灭产生的光度的贡献大致相等（每个对数区间），我们发现它比之前所有的估计值都要小，因子范围高达 10003。