Recreational activities in nature have increased considerably in recent decades. Human disturbance may trigger similar trade‐offs in birds that the natural risk of predation generates on productivity through parental investment decisions. To estimate how the impact of human presence affects breeding birds on Mediterranean beaches, the behaviour of incubating Kentish Plovers Charadrius alexandrinus was studied in relation to the approach of people, vehicles and dogs. Observational data were collected and control experiments were performed with a standardized stimulus. The response variability of birds in the decision to flush from the nest was studied depending on the type of beach user, the location of the disturbance event and thermal stress. Walkers, when accompanied by dogs, flushed plovers 93.8% of the time when walking through dunes and 80.0% of the time when walking on paths, whereas pedestrians alone flushed plovers 47.6% of the time when in dunes and only 12.9% of the time when on paths. Lone dogs triggered a flushing response 100% of the time when they roamed the dunes and 50% on the shore. The number of users in each disturbance event did not affect the flushing behaviour. Nest return times were shorter on disturbed beaches, suggesting habituation to the human disturbance stimulus. The ambient temperature for the nests in which plovers flushed was lower and nest return time decreased proportionally with ambient temperature, both suggesting that habituation to the human disturbance stimulus encourages relaxation of the trade‐off between escape behaviour to avoid predation risk and the effects of thermal stress on unattended eggs. Females flushed more frequently (57.1%) than males (32.0%), suggesting that they may perceive risk differently. Establishing buffers between nesting areas and people may help birds habituate to the predictable and non‐lethal stimulus of human presence, facilitating coexistence between conservation and recreation.

中文翻译：

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四足敌人：狗对筑巢pl的干扰比人们在旅游海滩上的干扰要大

近几十年来，自然界的娱乐活动已大大增加。人为干扰可能会触发类似的权衡取舍，即掠夺的自然风险会通过父母的投资决定而对生产力产生影响。为了评估人类生存的影响如何影响地中海海滩上的鸟类繁殖，肯特犬（Kentish Plovers）Charadrius alexandrinus的孵化行为关于人，车辆和狗的进近进行了研究。收集观察数据，并用标准化刺激进行对照实验。根据海滩使用者的类型，干扰事件的位置和热应力，研究了鸟类从巢中冲水的决策中的响应变化性。步行者在犬的陪伴下，在穿过沙丘时，有93.8％的时间冲洗pl子；在小径上行走时，有80.0％的时间冲洗，子；而在沙丘中，仅步行者的冲洗率是47.6％，在时间上只有12.9％。在路径上。孤独的狗在漫游沙丘时有100％的时间触发了潮红反应，而在岸上则有50％的时间触发了潮红反应。每次干扰事件中的用户数量均不影响冲洗行为。在受干扰的海滩上，巢穴归巢的时间较短 暗示着对人类干扰刺激的习惯。冲pl的巢的环境温度较低，巢的返回时间与环境温度成比例地减少，这都表明对人类干扰刺激的习惯化促使逃逸行为之间的权衡放宽，从而避免了捕食风险和热效应。对无人看管的鸡蛋施加压力。女性的潮红次数（57.1％）比男性的潮红次数（32.0％）多，这表明他们对危险的认识可能有所不同。在筑巢区与人之间建立缓冲带可以帮助鸟类适应人类存在的可预测和非致命性刺激，从而促进保护与娱乐之间的共存。冲pl的巢的环境温度较低，巢的返回时间与环境温度成比例地减少，这都表明对人类干扰刺激的习惯化促使逃逸行为之间的权衡放宽，从而避免了捕食风险和热效应。对无人看管的鸡蛋施加压力。女性潮红的频率更高（57.1％），而男性潮红的频率更高（32.0％），这表明他们对危险的认识可能有所不同。在筑巢区和人之间建立缓冲带可以帮助鸟类适应人类存在的可预测和非致命性刺激，从而促进保护与娱乐之间的共存。冲pl的巢的环境温度较低，巢的返回时间与环境温度成比例地减少，这都表明对人类干扰刺激的习惯化促使逃逸行为之间的权衡放宽，从而避免了捕食风险和热效应。对无人看管的鸡蛋施加压力。女性的潮红次数（57.1％）比男性的潮红次数（32.0％）多，这表明他们对危险的认识可能有所不同。在筑巢区和人之间建立缓冲带可以帮助鸟类适应人类存在的可预测和非致命性刺激，从而促进保护与娱乐之间的共存。两者都表明，对人为干扰刺激的习惯化鼓励放松逃避行为之间的权衡，以避免掠食风险和热应激对无人照管鸡蛋的影响。女性的潮红次数（57.1％）比男性的潮红次数（32.0％）多，这表明他们对危险的认识可能有所不同。在筑巢区和人之间建立缓冲带可以帮助鸟类适应人类存在的可预测和非致命性刺激，从而促进保护与娱乐之间的共存。两者都表明，对人为干扰刺激的习惯化鼓励放松逃避行为之间的权衡，以避免掠食风险和热应激对无人照管鸡蛋的影响。女性潮红的频率更高（57.1％），而男性潮红的频率更高（32.0％），这表明他们对危险的认识可能有所不同。在筑巢区和人之间建立缓冲带可以帮助鸟类适应人类存在的可预测和非致命性刺激，从而促进保护与娱乐之间的共存。