Abstract Integrated crop-livestock (ICL) system that include livestock grazing of crop residue and/or cover crops is an agricultural practice that manage crops and livestock on a single farm. Integrated crop-livestock system can provide opportunities to restore ecological services and interactions among different land-use systems to enhance agricultural ecosystems’ efficiency. These systems help to enhance nutrient cycling, soil health, and protect the environment. This study was conducted at four different locations to understand the synergistic effect of the ICL systems on soil health by keeping native grasslands as a reference. Data showed that ICL system significantly increased the cold-water soluble carbon (CWC) by 44.2, 126.2, and 94.8% than the control (CNT) treatment at sites 1, 2, and 4, respectively. At site 2 and 4, the ICL system significantly increased the hot-water soluble carbon (HWC) by 265, and 104% higher compared to the CNT, respectively. The total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) abundance was 95.4 and 25.5% higher under ICL system compared to the CNT at site 3 and 4, respectively. ICL system significantly increased the dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, urease, and β-glucosidase activity compared to CNT at all the locations. The type of carbon (C) input (easily mineralizable organic matter), substrate availability (labile C and nitrogen), enzyme activities, and suitable soil environment or ecology of the system have been found to be the major influencing factors that determine the shifts in bacterial community structure and composition of the soil. This research finds a clear correlation between the ICL systems and the microbial communities, and soil health. It provides a viable option for restoring the natural ecosystem and achieving food security.

中文翻译：

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作物和牲畜的整合增强了土壤生化特性和微生物群落结构

摘要 综合作物-牲畜 (ICL) 系统包括作物残留物和/或覆盖作物的牲畜放牧，是一种在单个农场管理作物和牲畜的农业实践。综合作物畜牧系统可以提供机会恢复生态服务和不同土地利用系统之间的相互作用，以提高农业生态系统的效率。这些系统有助于促进养分循环、土壤健康和保护环境。本研究在四个不同的地点进行，以通过将原生草原作为参考来了解 ICL 系统对土壤健康的协同作用。数据显示，ICL 系统在位点 1、2 和 4 处分别比对照 (CNT) 处理显着增加了 44.2、126.2 和 94.8% 的冷水可溶性碳 (CWC)。在站点 2 和 4，与 CNT 相比，ICL 系统显着增加了 265 和 104% 的热水可溶性碳 (HWC)。与位点 3 和位点 4 的 CNT 相比，ICL 系统下的总磷脂脂肪酸 (PLFA) 丰度分别高出 95.4% 和 25.5%。与CNT相比，ICL系统在所有位置显着增加了脱氢酶、荧光素二乙酸酯、脲酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性。已发现碳 (C) 输入的类型（易矿化有机质）、底物可用性（不稳定的 C 和氮）、酶活性和适宜的土壤环境或系统生态是决定土壤变化的主要影响因素。土壤细菌群落结构和组成。这项研究发现 ICL 系统和微生物群落之间存在明显的相关性，和土壤健康。它为恢复自然生态系统和实现粮食安全提供了一个可行的选择。