Sexually antagonistic (SA) genetic variation—in which alleles favored in one sex are disfavored in the other—is predicted to be common and has been documented in several animal and plant populations, yet we currently know little about its pervasiveness among species or its population genetic basis. Recent applications of genomics in studies of SA genetic variation have highlighted considerable methodological challenges to the identification and characterization of SA genes, raising questions about the feasibility of genomic approaches for inferring SA selection. The related fields of local adaptation and statistical genomics have previously dealt with similar challenges, and lessons from these disciplines can therefore help overcome current difficulties in applying genomics to study SA genetic variation. Here, we integrate theoretical and analytical concepts from local adaptation and statistical genomics research—including F_ST and F_IS statistics, genome‐wide association studies, pedigree analyses, reciprocal transplant studies, and evolve‐and‐resequence experiments—to evaluate methods for identifying SA genes and genome‐wide signals of SA genetic variation. We begin by developing theoretical models for between‐sex F_ST and F_IS, including explicit null distributions for each statistic, and using them to critically evaluate putative multilocus signals of sex‐specific selection in previously published datasets. We then highlight new statistics that address some of the limitations of F_ST and F_IS, along with applications of more direct approaches for characterizing SA genetic variation, which incorporate explicit fitness measurements. We finish by presenting practical guidelines for the validation and evolutionary analysis of candidate SA genes and discussing promising empirical systems for future work.

中文翻译：

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寻找性拮抗基因：局部适应和统计基因组学研究的实用见解

据预测，性拮抗（SA）遗传变异（一种性别中偏爱的等位基因在另一种中不受欢迎）已被证明是普遍现象，并已在多个动植物种群中得到了证明，但目前我们对其种质在物种或种群中的普遍性了解甚少。遗传基础。基因组学在SA遗传变异研究中的最新应用突显了SA基因鉴定和表征面临的方法学挑战，从而引发了有关采用基因组方法推断SA选择的可行性的问题。本地适应和统计基因组学的相关领域以前也面临过类似的挑战，因此，这些学科的经验教训可以帮助克服当前在应用基因组学研究SA遗传变异方面的困难。这里，F _ST和F _IS统计数据，全基因组关联研究，血统分析，相互移植研究以及进化和测序实验，以评估鉴定SA基因的方法和SA基因变异的全基因组信号。我们首先为性别之间的F _ST和F _IS建立理论模型，包括每个统计的显式零分布，并使用它们来严格评估先前发布的数据集中假定的性别选择的多基因座信号。然后，我们重点介绍解决F _ST和F _IS某些局限性的新统计数据，以及用于表征SA遗传变异的更直接方法的应用，这些方法结合了显式适应度测量。最后，我们提出了有关候选SA基因的验证和进化分析的实用指南，并讨论了未来工作有希望的经验系统。