Micelles are formed by the self-assembly of surfactants in solutions. Wormlike micelles or living polymers are a particularly interesting fluids because their long flexible cylindrical geometry can lead to entanglement even at relatively low concentrations. The rheological response of the wormlike micelles is similar in many ways to polymer solutions. Entangled wormlike micelles provide a model fluid system in many respects. In semi-dilute solutions, wormlike micelles show remarkably simple rheological behaviour; their linear rheology is best described by a single-element Maxwell model with a single relaxation time. The non-linear rheological and flow response of wormlike micelles has proven to be incredibly rich and complex. Wormlike micelles are easy to prepare and not susceptible to aging or shear mechanical degradation. Beyond semi-dilute concentrations, nematic and/or hexagonal phases can be observed, allowing an additional level of complexity to be dialled in by increasing concentration. In strong, steady-shear flows, some wormlike micelles have been shown to shear band. In uniaxial extensional flows, wormlike micelle solutions demonstrate enormous strain hardening of their extensional viscosity and under large extensional stresses, can break apart. This failure and the resulting morphological changes of the micelles in the flow have been linked to a number of interesting elastic instabilities. These rheological properties have led to the broad use of wormlike micelle solutions in consumer products as rheological modifiers. In this review, we will discuss a wide range of complex flows of wormlike micelle solutions with both shear and extensional flow components. We will discuss how flow geometry, flow strength, micelle concentration and micelle structure affect these complex flows with a particular emphasis on flow stability.

胶束是通过表面活性剂在溶液中的自组装形成的。蠕虫状的胶束或活性聚合物是特别令人感兴趣的流体，因为它们的长而柔软的圆柱形几何形状即使在相对较低的浓度下也可能导致纠缠。蠕虫状胶束的流变响应在许多方面与聚合物溶液相似。纠缠的蠕虫状胶束在许多方面提供了模型流体系统。在半稀溶液中，蠕虫状的胶束表现出非常简单的流变行为。它们的线性流变性最好用单弛豫时间的单元素麦克斯韦模型来描述。蠕虫状胶束的非线性流变和流动响应已被证明非常丰富和复杂。蠕虫状胶束易于制备，不易老化或剪切机械降解。超过半稀释浓度，可以观察到向列相和/或六方相，通过增加浓度可以增加复杂性。在强而稳定的剪切流中，已显示出一些蠕虫状的胶束剪切带。在单轴拉伸流中，蠕虫状胶束溶液显示出其拉伸粘度的巨大应变硬化，并且在较大的拉伸应力下会破裂。这种破坏和流动中胶束的形态变化与许多有趣的弹性不稳定性有关。这些流变性质已导致蠕虫状胶束溶液在消费产品中作为流变改性剂得到广泛使用。在这篇评论中 我们将讨论蠕虫状胶束溶液的各种复杂流动，包括剪切流和拉伸流分量。我们将讨论流动的几何形状，流动强度，胶束浓度和胶束结构如何影响这些复杂的流动，并特别强调流动稳定性。