Abstract The present article examines the proposal that typology is a major factor guiding transfer selectivity in L3/Ln acquisition. We tested first exposure in L3/Ln using two artificial languages (ALs) lexically based in English and Spanish, focusing on gender agreement between determiners and nouns, and between nouns and adjectives. 50 L1 Spanish-L2 English speakers took part in the experiment. After receiving implicit training in one of the ALs (Mini-Spanish, N = 26; Mini-English, N = 24), gender violations elicited a fronto-lateral negativity in Mini-English in the earliest time window (200–500 ms), although this was not followed by any other differences in subsequent periods. This effect was highly localized, surfacing only in electrodes of the right-anterior region. In contrast, gender violations in Mini-Spanish elicited a broadly distributed positivity in the 300–600 ms time window. While we do not find typical indices of grammatical processing such as the P600 component, we believe that the between-groups differential appearance of the positivity for gender violations in the 300–600 ms time window reflects differential allocation of attentional resources as a function of the ALs’ lexical similarity to English or Spanish. We take these differences in attention to be precursors of the processes involved in transfer source selection in L3/Ln.

中文翻译：

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第三语言习得初始暴露时的事件相关电位：来自人工微语法研究的启示

摘要 本文探讨了在 L3/Ln 获取中，类型学是指导传输选择性的主要因素的提议。我们使用基于英语和西班牙语的两种人工语言 (AL) 测试了 L3/Ln 的首次暴露，重点是限定词和名词之间以及名词和形容词之间的性别一致性。50名L1西班牙语-L2英语的人参加了实验。在接受其中一个 AL（迷你西班牙语，N = 26；迷你英语，N = 24）的内隐训练后，性别侵犯在最早的时间窗口（200-500 毫秒）内引发了迷你英语的正面消极情绪，尽管在随后的时期没有出现任何其他差异。这种效应是高度局部化的，仅在右前区的电极中出现。相比之下，迷你西班牙语中的性别侵犯在 300-600 毫秒的时间窗口内引起了广泛分布的积极性。虽然我们没有找到典型的语法加工指标，例如 P600 成分，但我们认为，在 300-600 毫秒的时间窗口内，性别侵犯的积极性的组间差异表现反映了注意力资源的差异分配作为AL 与英语或西班牙语的词汇相似度。我们将这些注意力差异视为 L3/Ln 中转移源选择过程的前兆。我们认为，在 300-600 毫秒时间窗口内，性别侵犯的积极性的组间差异表现反映了注意力资源的差异分配，作为 AL 与英语或西班牙语词汇相似性的函数。我们将这些注意力差异视为 L3/Ln 中转移源选择过程的前兆。我们认为，在 300-600 毫秒时间窗口内，性别侵犯的积极性的组间差异表现反映了注意力资源的差异分配，作为 AL 与英语或西班牙语词汇相似性的函数。我们将这些注意力差异视为 L3/Ln 中转移源选择过程的前兆。