Major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms commonly occur after trauma-exposure, both alone and in combination with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article reviews recent research on comorbidity between these disorders, including its implications for symptom severity and response to treatment. Despite considerable symptom overlap, the two disorders represent distinct constructs and depend, at least in part, on separate biological mechanisms. Both, however, are also clearly related to stress psychopathology. We recommend that more research focus specifically on the study of individual differences in symptom expression in order to identify distinct subgroups of individuals and develop targeted treatments. However, a barrier to this line of inquiry is the trend of excluding particular patients from clinical trials of new interventions based on symptom severity or comorbidity. Another obstacle is the overreliance on self-report measures in human research. We argue that developing computer-based behavioral measures in order to supplement self-report can help address this challenge. Furthermore, we propose that these measures can help tie findings from human and non-human animal research. A number of paradigms have been used to model MDD-and PTSD-like behavior in animals. These models remain valuable for understanding the biological basis of these disorders in humans and for identifying potential interventions, but they have been underused for the study of comorbidity. Although the interpretation of animal behavior remains a concern, we propose that this can also be overcome through the development of close human analogs to animal paradigms.

中文翻译：

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创伤后应激障碍中的抑郁症。

重度抑郁症 (MDD) 症状通常发生在创伤暴露后，无论是单独还是与创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 相结合。本文回顾了最近关于这些疾病之间合并症的研究，包括其对症状严重程度和治疗反应的影响。尽管有相当多的症状重叠，但这两种疾病代表了不同的结构，并且至少部分依赖于不同的生物学机制。然而，两者也显然与压力精神病理学有关。我们建议更多的研究专注于研究症状表现的个体差异，以识别不同的个体亚群并制定有针对性的治疗方法。然而，这条调查线的一个障碍是根据症状严重程度或合并症将特定患者排除在新干预措施的临床试验之外的趋势。另一个障碍是在人类研究中过度依赖自我报告措施。我们认为，开发基于计算机的行为测量以补充自我报告可以帮助解决这一挑战。此外，我们建议这些措施可以帮助将人类和非人类动物研究的结果联系起来。许多范例已被用于模拟动物的 MDD 和 PTSD 样行为。这些模型对于了解人类这些疾病的生物学基础和确定潜在的干预措施仍然很有价值，但它们在合并症研究中未被充分利用。尽管对动物行为的解释仍然令人担忧，