Abstract

Endophytic microbes are present in nearly all of the plant species known to date but how they enter and flourish inside a host plant and display multiple benefits like plant growth promotion (PGP), biodegradation, and stress alleviation are still unexplored. Until now, the majority of the research has been conducted assuming that the host–endophyte interaction is analogous to the PGP microbes, although, studies related to the mechanisms of their infection, colonization as well as conferring important traits to the plants are limited. It would be fascinating to explore the role of these endophytic microbes in host gene expression, metabolism, and the modulation of phenotypic traits, under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In this review, we critically focused on the following areas: (i) endophytic lifestyle and the mechanism of their entry into plant tissues, (ii) how endophytes modulate the immune system of plants and affect the genotypic and phenotypic expression of host plants under abiotic and biotic stress condition, and (iii) the role of omics and other integrated genomic approaches in unraveling complex host–endophyte signaling crosstalk. Furthermore, we discussed their role in phytoremediation of heavy metal stress and whole genomic analysis based on an understanding of different metabolic pathways these endophytes utilize to combat stress.

摘要

内生微生物几乎存在于迄今已知的所有植物物种中，但它们如何进入宿主植物并在其中生长并表现出多种益处，例如促进植物生长（PGP），生物降解和缓解压力。到目前为止，大多数研究都是在假定宿主与内生菌的相互作用类似于PGP微生物的前提下进行的，尽管有关其感染，定植以及赋予植物重要性状的机制的研究仍然很有限。在非生物和生物胁迫条件下，探索这些内生微生物在宿主基因表达，代谢和表型性状调节中的作用将是令人着迷的。在这次审查中，我们重点关注以下领域：（i）内生生活方式及其进入植物组织的机制，（ii）内生菌如何调节植物的免疫系统并在非生物和生物胁迫条件下影响宿主植物的基因型和表型表达，以及（iii）组学和其他综合基因组学方法来揭示复杂的宿主-内生植物信号串扰。此外，我们基于对这些内生菌用于对抗胁迫的不同代谢途径的了解，讨论了它们在重金属胁迫的植物修复和整个基因组分析中的作用。（iii）组学方法和其他集成基因组方法在揭示复杂的宿主-内生菌信号串扰中的作用。此外，我们基于对这些内生菌用于对抗胁迫的不同代谢途径的了解，讨论了它们在重金属胁迫的植物修复和整个基因组分析中的作用。（iii）组学方法和其他集成基因组方法在揭示复杂的宿主-内生菌信号串扰中的作用。此外，我们基于对这些内生菌用于对抗胁迫的不同代谢途径的了解，讨论了它们在重金属胁迫的植物修复和整个基因组分析中的作用。