The exceptional catalytic performance of zeolites is due to the presence of active sites in a shape-selective environment, i.e., in micropores with molecular dimensions. The present review provides a comprehensive analysis of active sites in zeolite frameworks. It is focused on the active sites generated by the Al incorporation in the framework. The inclusion of other heteroatoms in the zeolite framework is also addressed. After the introduction of zeolite-type materials and a discussion of the structure-properties relationship in zeolites the central part of the review is devoted to i) the analytical methods and their complementarity for the evaluation of the number, strength, and position of active sites and ii) the in situ and post-synthesis methods of acid sites assessment and control. The data presented herein provide guidelines for making zeolite materials by design in terms of acidity.

沸石出色的催化性能是由于在形状选择环境中，即在具有分子尺寸的微孔中存在活性位点。本综述提供了沸石骨架中活性部位的全面分析。它集中于框架中Al合并产生的活性位点。还解决了在沸石骨架中包含其他杂原子的问题。在介绍了沸石型材料并讨论了沸石的结构-性质关系之后，本综述的重点是i）分析方法及其互补性，以评估活性部位的数量，强度和位置和ii）原位酸位点的合成方法和后合成方法。本文提供的数据提供了根据酸度设计制造沸石材料的指南。