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Genomic resources and toolkits for developmental study of whip spiders (Amblypygi) provide insights into arachnid genome evolution and antenniform leg patterning.
EvoDevo ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-28 , DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00163-w
Guilherme Gainett 1 , Prashant P Sharma 1
Affiliation  

The resurgence of interest in the comparative developmental study of chelicerates has led to important insights, such as the discovery of a genome duplication shared by spiders and scorpions, inferred to have occurred in the most recent common ancestor of Arachnopulmonata (a clade comprising the five arachnid orders that bear book lungs). Nonetheless, several arachnid groups remain understudied in the context of development and genomics, such as the order Amblypygi (whip spiders). The phylogenetic position of Amblypygi in Arachnopulmonata posits them as an interesting group to test the incidence of the proposed genome duplication in the common ancestor of Arachnopulmonata, as well as the degree of retention of duplicates over 450 Myr. Moreover, whip spiders have their first pair of walking legs elongated and modified into sensory appendages (a convergence with the antennae of mandibulates), but the genetic patterning of these antenniform legs has never been investigated. We established genomic resources and protocols for cultivation of embryos and gene expression assays by in situ hybridization to study the development of the whip spider Phrynus marginemaculatus. Using embryonic transcriptomes from three species of Amblypygi, we show that the ancestral whip spider exhibited duplications of all ten Hox genes. We deploy these resources to show that paralogs of the leg gap genes dachshund and homothorax retain arachnopulmonate-specific expression patterns in P. marginemaculatus. We characterize the expression of leg gap genes Distal-less, dachshund-1/2 and homothorax-1/2 in the embryonic antenniform leg and other appendages, and provide evidence that allometry, and by extension the antenniform leg fate, is specified early in embryogenesis. This study is the first step in establishing P. marginemaculatus as a chelicerate model for modern evolutionary developmental study, and provides the first resources sampling whip spiders for comparative genomics. Our results suggest that Amblypygi share a genome duplication with spiders and scorpions, and set up a framework to study the genetic specification of antenniform legs. Future efforts to study whip spider development must emphasize the development of tools for functional experiments in P. marginemaculatus.

中文翻译:

用于鞭蛛 (Amblypygi) 发育研究的基因组资源和工具包提供了对蛛形纲动物基因组进化和触角腿模式的见解。

对螯肢动物比较发育研究的兴趣重新抬头,带来了重要的见解,例如发现蜘蛛和蝎子共有的基因组重复,推断发生在 Arachnopulmonata 的最新共同祖先(由五个蜘蛛纲动物组成的进化枝)中带书肺的订单)。尽管如此,一些蛛形纲动物群体在发育和基因组学的背景下仍未得到充分研究,例如 Amblypygi 目(鞭蛛)。Amblypygi 在 Arachnopulmonata 中的系统发育位置将它们作为一个有趣的群体来测试在 Arachnopulmonata 的共同祖先中提出的基因组重复的发生率,以及超过 450 Myr 的重复保留程度。而且,鞭状蜘蛛的第一对行走腿被拉长并修饰成感觉附属物(与下颌触角会聚),但从未研究过这些触角状腿的遗传模式。我们通过原位杂交建立了用于胚胎培养和基因表达测定的基因组资源和协议,以研究鞭蛛 Phrynus marginemaculatus 的发育。使用来自三种 Amblypygi 的胚胎转录组,我们发现祖先的鞭蜘蛛表现出所有十个 Hox 基因的重复。我们部署这些资源以表明腿间隙基因 dachshund 和 homothorax 的旁系同源物在 P. marginemaculatus 中保留了 arachnopulmonate 特异性表达模式。我们表征了腿间隙基因的表达,无远端,dachshund-1/2 和homothorax-1/2 在胚胎触角腿和其他附属器中,并提供证据表明异速生长,并通过扩展触角腿的命运,在胚胎发生早期被指定。这项研究是建立 P. marginemaculatus 作为现代进化发育研究的螯合模型的第一步,并为比较基因组学提供了第一个采样鞭蜘蛛的资源。我们的研究结果表明,Amblypygi 与蜘蛛和蝎子共享基因组重复,并建立了一个框架来研究触角腿的遗传规范。未来研究鞭蛛发育的努力必须强调开发用于 P. marginemaculatus 功能实验的工具。在胚胎发生的早期被指定。这项研究是建立 P. marginemaculatus 作为现代进化发育研究的螯合模型的第一步,并为比较基因组学提供了第一个采样鞭蜘蛛的资源。我们的研究结果表明,Amblypygi 与蜘蛛和蝎子共享基因组重复,并建立了一个框架来研究触角腿的遗传规范。未来研究鞭蛛发育的努力必须强调开发用于 P. marginemaculatus 功能实验的工具。在胚胎发生的早期被指定。这项研究是建立 P. marginemaculatus 作为现代进化发育研究的螯合模型的第一步,并为比较基因组学提供了第一个采样鞭蜘蛛的资源。我们的研究结果表明,Amblypygi 与蜘蛛和蝎子共享基因组重复,并建立了一个框架来研究触角腿的遗传规范。未来研究鞭蛛发育的努力必须强调开发用于 P. marginemaculatus 功能实验的工具。我们的研究结果表明,Amblypygi 与蜘蛛和蝎子共享基因组重复,并建立了一个框架来研究触角腿的遗传规范。未来研究鞭蛛发育的努力必须强调开发用于 P. marginemaculatus 功能实验的工具。我们的研究结果表明,Amblypygi 与蜘蛛和蝎子共享基因组重复,并建立了一个框架来研究触角腿的遗传规范。未来研究鞭蛛发育的努力必须强调开发用于 P. marginemaculatus 功能实验的工具。
更新日期:2020-08-29
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