This paper documents the biogeochemistry configuration of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), E3SMv1.1‐BGC. The model simulates historical carbon cycle dynamics, including carbon losses predicted in response to land use and land cover change, and the responses of the carbon cycle to changes in climate. In addition, we introduce several innovations in the treatment of soil nutrient limitation mechanisms, including explicit dependence on phosphorus availability. The suite of simulations described here includes E3SM contributions to the Coupled Climate‐Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project and other projects, as well as simulations to explore the impacts of structural uncertainty in representations of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We describe the model spin‐up and evaluation procedures, provide an overview of results from the simulation campaign, and highlight key features of the simulations. Cumulative warming over the twentieth century is similar to observations, with a midcentury cold bias offset by stronger warming in recent decades. Ocean biomass production and carbon uptake are underpredicted, likely due to biases in ocean transport leading to widespread anoxia and undersupply of nutrients to surface waters. The inclusion of nutrient limitations in the land biogeochemistry results in weaker carbon fertilization and carbon‐climate feedbacks than exhibited by other Earth System Models that exclude those limitations. Finally, we compare with an alternative representation of terrestrial biogeochemistry, which differs in structure and in initialization of soil phosphorus. While both configurations agree well with observational benchmarks, they differ significantly in their distribution of carbon among different pools and in the strength of nutrient limitations.

中文翻译：

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DOE E3SM v1.1生物地球化学配置：描述和模拟生态系统对强迫历史变化的气候响应

本文记录了E3SMv1.1‐BGC能量亿亿地球系统模型（E3SM）的生物地球化学配置。该模型模拟了历史上的碳循环动态，包括根据土地利用和土地覆被变化预测的碳损失，以及碳循环对气候变化的响应。此外，我们介绍了土壤养分限制机制的处理方面的一些创新，包括对磷有效性的显式依赖。这里描述的模拟套件包括E3SM对气候-碳循环耦合模型比较项目和其他项目的贡献，以及模拟探索结构不确定性对氮和磷限制表示的影响的模拟。我们描述了模型优化和评估程序，提供模拟活动结果的概述，并突出显示模拟的关键功能。二十世纪的累积变暖与观测结果相似，近几十年来，世纪中叶的偏冷现象被较强的变暖所抵消。海洋生物量的产生和碳的吸收被低估了，这很可能是由于海洋运输的偏见导致了广泛的缺氧和营养物质对地表水的供应不足。与其他排除这些限制的地球系统模型相比，土地生物地球化学中包含的养分限制导致较弱的碳肥和碳气候反馈。最后，我们与地球生物地球化学的另一种表示形式进行了比较，该结构在结构和土壤磷的初始化上都不同。