Cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are heterogeneous entities, and the cognitive status fluctuates over time. However, individual changes in longitudinal cognitive performance in PD are not fully understood. We evaluated three visual indices (visuoperception, visuoconstruction, and visuospatial ability) and four cognitive domains (attention/working memory, executive function, memory, and language) at baseline (Time1) and at 1-year follow-up (Time2) in 36 patients with PD and 32 healthy controls (HCs). To explore the magnitude and frequency of cognitive changes, we analyzed data using the simple difference method and the standardized regression-based method. We also explored the correlations between changes in test scores and several clinical predictors, using logistic regression analysis. At 1 year, patients with PD showed higher rates of change in scores on several cognitive tests, especially the Incomplete Letters test of visuoperception, compared to HCs. After adjusting for demographic variables, the visuoperceptual change was 61.1% overall, with the largest effect size. The changes in scores of visuoperception correlated with those of memory (r = 0.672, p < 0.001), language (r = 0.389, p < 0.05), and visuospatial ability (r = 0.379, p < 0.05). The severity of olfactory disturbance, the MDS-UPDRS Part I score, and younger PD onset predicted the significant changes observed in the Incomplete Letters test scores. Visuoperception changed more in non-demented PD patients than in HCs at 1-year follow-up. The changes in visuoperception could relate to involvement of the ventral occipitotemporal pathway, the more widespread temporal lobe, and brain reserve in PD.

帕金森病 (PD) 的认知缺陷是异质实体，认知状态随时间而波动。然而，尚未完全了解 PD 纵向认知表现的个体变化。我们在基线 (Time1) 和 1 年随访 (Time2) 时评估了 36 PD 患者和 32 名健康对照 (HC)。为了探索认知变化的幅度和频率，我们使用简单差分法和基于标准化回归的方法分析数据。我们还使用逻辑回归分析探讨了测试分数变化与几个临床预测因素之间的相关性。1 岁时，与 HC 相比，PD 患者在多项认知测试中的分数变化率更高，尤其是视觉感知的不完整字母测试。调整人口统计学变量后，视觉感知变化总体为 61.1%，效应量最大。视觉感知评分的变化与记忆评分相关（r  = 0.672, p  < 0.001)、语言 ( r  = 0.389, p  < 0.05) 和视觉空间能力 ( r  = 0.379, p  < 0.05)。嗅觉障碍的严重程度、MDS-UPDRS 第 I 部分评分和较年轻的 PD 发病预测了在不完整字母测试分数中观察到的显着变化。在 1 年的随访中，非痴呆 PD 患者的视觉感知变化大于 HC。视觉感觉的变化可能与腹侧枕颞通路的参与、更广泛的颞叶和 PD 的大脑储备有关。