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Silhouettes of invisible black holes
Physics-Uspekhi ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-30 , DOI: 10.3367/ufne.2020.01.038717
V I Dokuchaev 1, 2 , N O Nazarova 3, 4
Affiliation  

Review of the genuine black holes silhouettes. The isolated black hole is an invisible object in general relativity due to the infinite red-shift of photons moving from the black event horizon to a distant observer. Nevertheless, the dark shadow (silhouette) of the astrophysical black hole may be visible by a distant observer on the luminous background lensed in the black hole gravitational field. The black hole shadow is a projection on the celestial sphere of the photon capture cross-section. The classical black hole shadow has the maximal size if the luminous background is placed far behind the black hole or, more definitely, on the distance greatly exceeding the corresponding event horizon radius. The shadow of minimal size may be viewed if the same black hole is highlighted by the internal part of the luminous accretion disk, adjoining the black hole event horizon. In the case of a thin accretion disk this black hole shadow is the lensed silhouette of either the northern or southern hemisphere of its event horizon (depending on the orientation of the black hole rotation axis with respect to a distant observer). The dark silhouette of the southern hemisphere of the event horizon is seen on the first image of the supermassive black hole M87* obtained by the Event Horizon Telescope. The brightness of accretion matter near the black hole highly exceeds the corresponding one of the usual astrophysical distant background in the form of stars or hot gas clouds. For this reason, it is difficult to observe the classical shadow of the accreting black hole.

中文翻译:

看不见的黑洞的轮廓

回顾真正的黑洞剪影。由于光子从黑色事件视界移动到远处观察者的无限红移,孤立的黑洞在广义相对论中是一个不可见的物体。尽管如此,天体物理黑洞的暗影(剪影)可能会被一个遥远的观察者在黑洞引力场中透镜化的发光背景上看到。黑洞阴影是光子捕获截面在天球上的投影。如果发光背景远离黑洞,或者更确切地说,距离大大超过相应的事件视界半径,则经典黑洞阴影具有最大尺寸。如果同一个黑洞被发光吸积盘的内部突出显示,则可以看到最小尺寸的阴影,毗邻黑洞事件视界。在吸积盘很薄的情况下,这个黑洞阴影是其事件视界北半球或南半球的透镜轮廓(取决于黑洞旋转轴相对于远处观察者的方向)。在事件视界望远镜获得的超大质量黑洞 M87* 的第一张图像上可以看到事件视界南半球的黑暗剪影。黑洞附近吸积物质的亮度大大超过了相应的以恒星或热气云形式出现的常见天体物理遥远背景之一。因此,很难观察到吸积黑洞的经典阴影。在吸积盘很薄的情况下,这个黑洞阴影是其事件视界北半球或南半球的透镜轮廓(取决于黑洞旋转轴相对于远处观察者的方向)。在事件视界望远镜获得的超大质量黑洞 M87* 的第一张图像上可以看到事件视界南半球的黑暗剪影。黑洞附近吸积物质的亮度大大超过了相应的以恒星或热气云形式出现的常见天体物理遥远背景之一。因此,很难观察到吸积黑洞的经典阴影。在吸积盘很薄的情况下,这个黑洞阴影是其事件视界北半球或南半球的透镜轮廓(取决于黑洞旋转轴相对于远处观察者的方向)。在事件视界望远镜获得的超大质量黑洞 M87* 的第一张图像上可以看到事件视界南半球的黑暗剪影。黑洞附近吸积物质的亮度大大超过了相应的以恒星或热气云形式出现的常见天体物理遥远背景之一。因此,很难观察到吸积黑洞的经典阴影。在事件视界望远镜获得的超大质量黑洞 M87* 的第一张图像上可以看到事件视界南半球的黑暗剪影。黑洞附近吸积物质的亮度大大超过了相应的以恒星或热气云形式出现的常见天体物理遥远背景之一。因此,很难观察到吸积黑洞的经典阴影。在事件视界望远镜获得的超大质量黑洞 M87* 的第一张图像上可以看到事件视界南半球的黑暗剪影。黑洞附近吸积物质的亮度大大超过了相应的以恒星或热气云形式出现的常见天体物理遥远背景之一。因此,很难观察到吸积黑洞的经典阴影。
更新日期:2020-06-30
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