Modulation of the key immune cell subsets by biomaterial has emerged as a potential target to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Based on calcium alginate (Alg) and glycol chitosan (GC), an injectable double‐network (DN) hydrogel has been developed as a scaffold for cell delivery and cell cocultured system. Previous studies have documented the interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and GC or Alg hydrogel, but the potential effect of DN hydrogel on activation of DCs still remains unclear. This research was conducted to explore the immunomodulatory influence and underlying mechanisms of GC/Alg DN hydrogel on DCs in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation of DCs with DN hydrogel obviously induced the maturation of DCs in vitro. In vivo, DN hydrogel did not have obvious influence on the maturation of splenic DCs on postimplantation days 3, 10, and 30. Mechanistically, we found that DN hydrogel induced the maturation of DCs via phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin in vitro. It provides a novel understanding of the immunomodulatory property of DN hydrogel on DCs, which may serve as potential target for designing immune‐mediated regenerative strategies.

中文翻译：

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双网络水凝胶对树突细胞的免疫调节特性及其调控机制

生物材料对关键免疫细胞亚群的调节已成为促进组织修复和再生的潜在目标。基于海藻酸钙 (Alg) 和乙二醇壳聚糖 (GC)，已开发出一种可注射的双网络 (DN) 水凝胶作为细胞输送和细胞共培养系统的支架。先前的研究已经记录了树突状细胞 (DC) 与 GC 或 Alg 水凝胶之间的相互作用，但 DN 水凝胶对 DC 活化的潜在影响仍不清楚。本研究旨在探讨 GC/Alg DN 水凝胶在体外和体内对 DCs 的免疫调节影响和潜在机制。用 DN 水凝胶刺激 DCs 在体外明显诱导 DCs 成熟。在体内，DN 水凝胶对植入后第 3、10 和 30 天的脾 DCs 的成熟没有明显影响。在机制上，我们发现 DN 水凝胶在体外通过磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶/蛋白激酶 B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点诱导 DCs 成熟。它提供了对 DN 水凝胶对 DC 的免疫调节特性的新理解，这可能是设计免疫介导的再生策略的潜在目标。