Background

The Oxford Foot Model (OFM) and Rizzoli Foot Model (RFM) are the two most frequently used multi-segment models to measure foot kinematics. However, a comprehensive comparison of the kinematic output of these models is lacking.

Research question

What are the differences in kinematic output between OFM and RFM during normal gait and typical pathological gait patterns in healthy adults?.

Methods

A combined OFM and RFM marker set was placed on the right foot of ten healthy subjects. A static standing trial and six level walking trials were collected for normal gait and for four voluntarily adopted gait types: equinus, crouch, toe-in and toe-out. Joint angles were calculated for every trial for the hindfoot relative to shank (HF-SH), forefoot relative to hindfoot (FF-HF) and hallux relative to forefoot (HX-FF). Average static joint angles of both models were compared between models. After subtracting these offsets, the remaining dynamic angles were compared using statistical parametric mapping repeated measures ANOVAs and t-tests. Furthermore, range of motion was compared between models for every angle.

Results

For the static posture, RFM compared to OFM measured more plantar flexion (Δ = 6°) and internal rotation (Δ = 7°) for HF-SH, more plantar flexion (Δ = 34°) and inversion (Δ = 13°) for FF-HF and more dorsal flexion (Δ = 37°) and abduction (Δ = 12°) for HX-FF. During normal walking, kinematic differences were found in various parts of the gait cycle. Moreover, range of motion was larger in the HF-SH for OFM and in FF-HF and HX-FF for RFM. The differences between models were not the same for all gait types. Equinus and toe-out gait demonstrated most pronounced differences.

Significance

Differences are present in kinematic output between OFM and RFM, which also depend on gait type. Therefore, kinematic output of foot and ankle studies should be interpreted with careful consideration of the multi-segment foot model used.

中文翻译：

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比较健康成年人正常步态和自愿病理步态时牛津和Rizzoli脚模型的运动学输出。

背景

牛津脚模型（OFM）和Rizzoli脚模型（RFM）是用于测量脚运动学的两个最常用的多段模型。但是，缺乏对这些模型的运动学输出的全面比较。

研究问题

健康成年人正常步态和典型病理步态模式下，OFM和RFM之间的运动输出有何差异？

方法

OFM和RFM组合标记物组放置在十名健康受试者的右脚上。针对正常步态和四种自愿采用的步态类型，收集了静态站立试验和六级步行试验：马nu，蹲下，脚趾向内和脚趾向外。对于每次试验，计算后脚相对于小腿的关节角度（HF-SH），前脚相对于后脚的关节角度（FF-HF）和拇趾相对于前脚的关节角度（HX-FF）。比较两个模型的平均静态关节角度。减去这些偏移后，使用统计参数映射重复测量方差分析和t检验比较剩余的动态角度。此外，比较了模型之间每个角度的运动范围。

结果

对于静态姿势，RFM与OFM相比测量出HF-SH的足底屈曲（Δ= 6°）和内旋（Δ= 7°），足底屈曲（Δ= 34°）和倒立（Δ= 13°）对于FF-HF，HX-FF的背屈（Δ= 37°）和外展（Δ= 12°）。在正常的步行过程中，步态周期的各个部分都有运动学差异。此外，OFM的HF-SH和RFM的FF-HF和HX-FF的运动范围更大。对于所有步态类型，模型之间的差异都不相同。马nu和脚趾步态表现出最明显的差异。

意义

OFM和RFM之间的运动输出存在差异，这也取决于步态类型。因此，应仔细考虑所使用的多段脚模型来解释脚踝研究的运动学输出。