A single session of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to increase arousal in healthy participants for up to 24 h post-stimulation. However, little is known about the effects of tDCS on subsequent sleep in this population. Based on previous clinical studies, we hypothesized that anodal stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) would produce higher arousal with decreased sleep time and stimulation to the primary motor cortex (M1) would have the converse effect. Thirty-six active duty military were randomized into one of three groups (n = 12/group); active anodal tDCS over the lDLPFC, active anodal tDCS over left M1, or sham tDCS. Participants answered questionnaires 3 times a day and wore a wrist activity monitor (WAM) to measure sleep time and efficiency for 3 weeks. On weeks 2 and 3 (order counterbalance), participants received stimulation at 1800 h before 26 h of sustained wakefulness testing (sleep deprived) and at 1800 h without sleep deprivation (non-sleep deprived). There were no significant effects for the non-sleep deprived portion of testing. For the sleep deprived portion of testing, there were main effects of group and night on sleep time. The DLPFC group slept less than the other groups on the second and third night following stimulation. There is no negative effect on mood or sleep quality from a single dose of tDCS when participants have normal sleep patterns (i.e., non-sleep deprived portion of testing). The results suggest that stimulation may result in faster recovery from fatigue caused by acute periods of sleep deprivation, as their recovery sleep periods were less.

中文翻译：

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阳极经颅直流电刺激对睡眠时间和效率的影响

单次阳极经颅直流电刺激 (tDCS) 已被证明可以在刺激后长达 24 小时内增加健康参与者的觉醒。然而，关于 tDCS 对该人群后续睡眠的影响知之甚少。根据之前的临床研究，我们假设对左侧背外侧前额叶皮层 (lDLPFC) 的阳极刺激会随着睡眠时间的减少而产生更高的唤醒，而对初级运动皮层 (M1) 的刺激会产生相反的效果。三十六名现役军人随机分为三组之一（n = 12/组）；lDLPFC 上的活性阳极 tDCS，左侧 M1 上的活性阳极 tDCS，或假 tDCS。参与者每天回答问卷 3 次，并佩戴腕部活动监测器 (WAM) 来测量 3 周的睡眠时间和效率。在第 2 周和第 3 周（订单平衡），参与者在 26 小时持续觉醒测试（睡眠剥夺）之前的 1800 小时和没有睡眠剥夺的 1800 小时（非睡眠剥夺）接受刺激。对于测试的非睡眠剥夺部分没有显着影响。对于测试的睡眠剥夺部分，组和夜间对睡眠时间有主要影响。在刺激后的第二个和第三个晚上，DLPFC 组的睡眠时间少于其他组。当参与者的睡眠模式正常（即测试的非睡眠剥夺部分）时，单次 tDCS 对情绪或睡眠质量没有负面影响。结果表明，刺激可能会导致从急性睡眠剥夺引起的疲劳中更快地恢复，因为他们的恢复睡眠时间较短。参与者在 26 小时持续觉醒测试前 1800 小时接受刺激（睡眠剥夺）和在 1800 小时没有睡眠剥夺（非睡眠剥夺）。对于测试的非睡眠剥夺部分没有显着影响。对于测试的睡眠剥夺部分，组和夜间对睡眠时间有主要影响。在刺激后的第二个和第三个晚上，DLPFC 组的睡眠时间少于其他组。当参与者的睡眠模式正常（即测试的非睡眠剥夺部分）时，单次 tDCS 对情绪或睡眠质量没有负面影响。结果表明，刺激可能会导致从急性睡眠剥夺引起的疲劳中更快地恢复，因为他们的恢复睡眠时间较短。参与者在 26 小时持续觉醒测试前 1800 小时接受刺激（睡眠剥夺），并在 1800 小时没有睡眠剥夺（非睡眠剥夺）。对于测试的非睡眠剥夺部分没有显着影响。对于测试的睡眠剥夺部分，组和夜间对睡眠时间有主要影响。在刺激后的第二个和第三个晚上，DLPFC 组的睡眠时间少于其他组。当参与者的睡眠模式正常（即测试的非睡眠剥夺部分）时，单次 tDCS 对情绪或睡眠质量没有负面影响。结果表明，刺激可能会导致从急性睡眠剥夺引起的疲劳中更快地恢复，因为他们的恢复睡眠时间较短。