In this article, a comprehensive review of published techniques for reducing radar cross‐section (RCS) of a target in various military and industrial applications is presented. This review contains the developments in this field over the last 24 years. In this comparative review, existing RCS reduction (RCSR) methods are categorized based on the type and the shape of their structures and their electromagnetic behavior and a variety of techniques of passive cancelation for RCSR is presented including the structures formed by both conductor and dielectric such as frequency selective surface, electromagnetic band gap, artificial magnetic conductor, different types of metasurfaces, polarization rotation reflective surface, and their combinations as hybrid techniques. A section is allocated for comparison in which a comprehensive comparison is drawn based on different characteristics of the structures, that is, the number and thickness of substrate layers, complexity and cost, RCSR bandwidth and level, their efficiency for TE and TM polarization, and their pros and cons. Moreover, the standard simulation and measurement setups and different kinds of optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and so on applied for RCS are presented and described. Finally, the conclusion, recommendations for future researches, and a trend of how the topic is possibly moving forward to overcome the main challenges are presented.

中文翻译：

---

减少目标雷达横截面的无源技术：全面综述

在本文中，将对减少各种军事和工业应用中目标的雷达横截面（RCS）的已发布技术进行全面回顾。这篇综述包含了过去24年中该领域的发展。在此比较性综述中，根据结构的类型和形状以及它们的电磁行为对现有的RCS减小（RCSR）方法进行了分类，并提出了各种用于RCSR的被动消除技术，包括由导体和电介质形成的结构。作为频率选择表面，电磁带隙，人造磁导体，不同类型的超颖表面，偏振旋转反射面及其组合作为混合技术。分配一个用于比较的部分，其中根据结构的不同特征进行全面比较，即基板层的数量和厚度，复杂性和成本，RCSR带宽和水平，其TE和TM极化效率以及他们的利弊。此外，还介绍和描述了标准的仿真和测量设置以及适用于RCS的各种优化算法，例如遗传算法，粒子群优化等。最后，提出了结论，对未来研究的建议以及该主题可能如何克服主要挑战的趋势。它们对TE和TM极化的效率，以及它们的优缺点。此外，还介绍和描述了标准的仿真和测量设置以及适用于RCS的各种优化算法，例如遗传算法，粒子群优化等。最后，提出了结论，对未来研究的建议以及该主题可能如何克服主要挑战的趋势。它们对TE和TM极化的效率，以及它们的优缺点。此外，还介绍和描述了标准的仿真和测量设置以及适用于RCS的各种优化算法，例如遗传算法，粒子群优化等。最后，提出了结论，对未来研究的建议以及该主题可能如何克服主要挑战的趋势。