This paper reports household questionnaire survey results on vulnerability and resilience to flooding from one of the largest and most representative samples (n = 593) of households up to 12 years after they were flooded, and is one of the first to provide detailed analysis of social differentiation in long‐term flood impacts. A novel finding is that social differentiation in flood impacts is relatively small soon after a flood, but widens over time, with socially disadvantaged groups displaying less recovery. The patterns of social differentiation in vulnerability and resilience to flooding differ markedly according to the type and timescale of the impact, with some normally socially advantaged groups (e.g., professionals and homeowners) being most vulnerable to short‐term impacts. Consistent with some existing studies, we found that older residents (age 70+) have greater resilience to flood impacts, although our sample may not capture the frailest individuals. As in previous research, low income is linked to lower resilience, particularly in the long term. We find that prior experience of flooding, despite enhancing preparedness, overall erodes rather than enhances resilience to flooding. Flood warnings are effective at reducing vulnerability to short‐term impacts. Underlying influences on resilience to natural disasters are complex and may only be revealed by multivariate analysis and not always be evident in simple observed patterns. The paper concludes that vulnerability and resilience to flooding are sensitive to financial resources, institutional support (chiefly from a landlord), and capacity to deal with disruption (chiefly time availability, which is low among professionals and high among retired people). An implication of these findings is that existing indices of flood vulnerability that use multiple measures of social deprivation should be used with caution, as not all conventional aspects of social deprivation are necessarily associated with greater vulnerability to flood impacts.

中文翻译：

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环境脆弱性和复原力：短期和长期洪水影响中的社会差异

本文报告了最大规模，最具代表性的样本之一的家庭对洪水的脆弱性和复原力的问卷调查结果（n = 593）的家庭在遭受洪灾后长达12年，是最早对长期洪灾影响进行社会差异分析的家庭之一。一项新颖的发现是，洪灾后不久，受洪灾影响的社会分化相对较小，但随着时间的流逝而扩大，社会处境不利的群体恢复能力较弱。根据影响的类型和时间规模，脆弱性和抗洪能力方面的社会分化模式明显不同，一些通常具有社会优势的群体（例如，专业人士和房主）最容易受到短期影响。与一些现有研究一致，我们发现年龄较大的居民（70岁以上）对洪水的抵抗力更大，尽管我们的样本未必能捕获最脆弱的个体。和以前的研究一样 低收入与较低的复原力有关，尤其是从长期来看。我们发现，尽管提高了防备能力，但先前的洪水经验却总体上侵蚀了而不是增强了对洪水的抵御能力。洪水预警可有效降低对短期影响的脆弱性。对自然灾害抵御能力的潜在影响是复杂的，只能通过多变量分析来揭示，而在简单观察到的模式中并不总是显而易见的。该论文的结论是，洪水的脆弱性和恢复力对财政资源，机构支持（主要是房东）和应对干扰的能力（主要是时间可用性，在专业人员中较低，而在退休人员中则较高）敏感。