An overview of the current knowledge of chromosome sets of the parasitoid superfamily Chalcidoidea is given. Karyotypes of approximately 240 members of this group, i.e. just above one percent of described species, are studied up to now. Techniques for obtaining and analyzing preparations of chalcid chromosomes are outlined, including the so-called “traditional” and “modern” methods of differential staining as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Among the Chalcidoidea, the haploid chromosome number can vary from n = 3 to n = 11, with a clear mode at n = 6 and a second local maximum at n = 10. In this group, most chromosomes are either metacentric or submetacentric, but acrocentrics and/or subtelocentrics also can predominate, especially within karyotypes of certain Chalcidoidea with higher chromosome numbers. The following main types of chromosomal mutations are characteristic of chalcid karyotypes: inversions, fusions, translocations, polyploidy, aneuploidy and B chromosome variation. Although karyotype evolution of this superfamily was mainly studied using phylogenetic reconstructions based on morphological and/or molecular characters, chromosomal synapomorphies of certain groups were also revealed. Taxonomic implications of karyotypic features of the Chalcidoidea are apparently the most important at the species level, especially among cryptic taxa.

中文翻译：

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Chalcidoidea 总科（膜翅目）寄生蜂的染色体：概述

概述了寄生蜂总科 Chalcidoidea 的染色体组的当前知识。到目前为止，研究了该组大约 240 个成员的核型，即略高于所描述物种的百分之一。概述了获取和分析软质染色体制剂的技术，包括所谓的“传统”和“现代”差异染色方法以及荧光原位杂交 (FISH)。在 Chalcidoidea 中，单倍体染色体数可以在 n = 3 到 n = 11 之间变化，在 n = 6 时具有清晰模式，在 n = 10 时具有第二个局部最大值。在这个组中，大多数染色体要么是中心染色体，要么是亚中心染色体，但是acrocentrics 和/或 subtelocentrics 也可以占主导地位，特别是在某些具有较高染色体数目的 Chalcidoidea 的核型中。以下主要类型的染色体突变是白质核型的特征：倒位、融合、易位、多倍体、非整倍体和 B 染色体变异。虽然主要使用基于形态学和/或分子特征的系统发育重建来研究这个超家族的核型进化，但也揭示了某些群体的染色体突触。Chalcidoidea 核型特征的分类学意义在物种水平上显然是最重要的，尤其是在隐性分类群中。虽然主要使用基于形态学和/或分子特征的系统发育重建来研究这个超家族的核型进化，但也揭示了某些群体的染色体突触。Chalcidoidea 核型特征的分类学意义在物种水平上显然是最重要的，尤其是在隐性分类群中。虽然主要使用基于形态学和/或分子特征的系统发育重建来研究这个超家族的核型进化，但也揭示了某些群体的染色体突触。Chalcidoidea 核型特征的分类学意义在物种水平上显然是最重要的，尤其是在隐性分类群中。