At the close of the Bronze Age, a tendency developed in Central Europe towards the concentration of settlement and fortification of sites which served special economic and social functions. One of the largest centers of this kind in the northern part of Central Europe is the Łubowice stronghold (SW Poland). Archaeological excavations allowed the stratigraphy of the fortification remnants to be comprehensively investigated. In their final stage, these fortifications comprised of a monumental earthen rampart with timber structures, which were later destroyed in a violent fire. Originally, the destruction of the Łubowice stronghold was linked with the raids by nomadic Scythians and dated to the first half of the 6th century BC. However, radiocarbon analyses of charcoal from the burned rampart relics have shown that the destruction of the fortifications took place in the 9th century BC. The new dating of the moment when the Łubowice fortifications was burned down, i.e. “shortly after 845–802 cal BC” places this event within historical processes which reshaped the cultural picture in much of Central Europe at the dawn of the Iron Age. The spreading of a new, Hallstatt cultural model was associated with deep changes in social structures.

中文翻译：

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根据 RACIBÓRZ 附近的 ŁUBOWICE（波兰西南部）晚期青铜时代据点的放射性碳测年，中北欧哈尔斯塔蒂安文化变迁的性质

在青铜时代结束时，中欧出现了一种趋向于集中定居点和强化具有特殊经济和社会功能的遗址的趋势。中欧北部最大的此类中心之一是 Łubowice 要塞（波兰西南部）。通过考古发掘，可以对防御工事遗迹的地层进行全面调查。在最后阶段，这些防御工事由一座巨大的土制城墙和木结构组成，后来在一场猛烈的大火中被摧毁。最初，Łubowice 要塞的破坏与游牧的斯基泰人的袭击有关，可追溯到公元前 6 世纪上半叶。然而，对烧毁的城墙遗迹中的木炭进行的放射性碳分析表明，防御工事的破坏发生在公元前 9 世纪。Łubowice 防御工事被烧毁那一刻的新日期，即“公元前 845-802 年之后不久”，将这一事件置于重塑铁器时代初期中欧大部分地区文化图景的历史进程中。一种新的哈尔施塔特文化模式的传播与社会结构的深刻变化有关。