Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of fructose and urea containing solutions was conducted at 180 °C to study the influence of nitrogen‐containing compounds on the conversion process and HTC products properties. The concentration of fructose was fixed, while the concentration of urea was gradually increased to study its influence on the formation of nitrogen‐containing hydrochar (N−HC). The degradation of urea has an important influence on the HTC of fructose. The Maillard reaction (MR) promotes the formation of N−HC in acidic conditions. However, in alkaline conditions, MR promotes the formation of bio‐oil at the expense of N−HC. Alkaline conditions reduce N−HC yield by catalyzing fragmentation reactions of fructose and by promoting the isomerization of fructose to glucose. The results showed that adjusting the concentration of nitrogen‐containing compounds or the pH value of the reaction environment is important to force the reaction toward the formation of N−HC or N‐bio‐oil.

中文翻译：

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含氮水炭：含氮化合物对水炭形成的影响。

在 180 °C 下对含果糖和尿素的溶液进行水热碳化 (HTC)，以研究含氮化合物对转化过程和 HTC 产品性能的影响。固定果糖浓度，逐渐增加尿素浓度，研究其对含氮氢炭（N−HC）形成的影响。尿素的降解对果糖的HTC有重要影响。美拉德反应 (MR) 在酸性条件下促进 N−HC 的形成。然而，在碱性条件下，MR 会以牺牲 N−HC 为代价促进生物油的形成。碱性条件通过催化果糖的裂解反应和促进果糖异构化为葡萄糖来降低 N−HC 产量。结果表明，调节含氮化合物的浓度或反应环境的pH值对于迫使反应形成N-HC或N-生物油很重要。