Abstract Podzolization occurs mainly in soils developed from highly leached and coarse-textured parent materials in areas that remain under the influence of humid climate conditions and where forest or heath vegetation supply enough organic matter to form organic horizons on the surface of mineral soils. However, in certain environmental conditions Podzol development was found also in extremely unfavorable types of parent material, e.g. ultramafic rocks or even regoliths containing carbonates. Flysch rock regolith found in many geographic regions is an example of soil parent material considered to be unfavorable for podzolization in its major part due to its high clay, Ca, and Mg contents. Areas formed of materials considered to be rather unfavorable to Podzol development but characterized by very local occurrence of podzolized soils may be helpful in assessing the factors which favor the occurrence of this process and its thresholds. The main objective of the present study was to determine an optimal combination of conditions that trigger podzolization in soils in the uppermost part of mid-mountain slopes formed of flysch rocks in the Bieszczady Mountains in southeastern Poland. At the same time, an attempt was made to determine pedogenic thresholds of local podzolization in soils in the studied area. The studied soils showed large variability in soil processes and were classified according to the WRB as four different Reference Soil Groups: Podzols, Cambisols, Umbrisols and Leptosols. Two out of the eight soil profiles exhibited well-developed spodic horizons, while the properties of the two other profiles may be explained by either cryptopodzolization and/or formation of andic properties in non-volcanic soil material. Evidence of podzolization was observable in changes in soil morphology (i. e. color and consistence of soil material), vertical distribution of labile C and Fe and Al pedogenic forms, changes in mineral composition (mainly dissolution of chlorite, formation of mixed layered clay minerals and the redistribution of various amorphous phases), and also micromorphological features (presence of monomorphic fine coatings consisting of Fe- and Al-organic compounds). However, the occurrence of Podzols was strongly limited across the study area and determined by a combination of environmental conditions such as the co-occurrence of four key factors: (1) humid and cool climate, (2) sandy texture and mineral composition of parent material dominated by quartz, (3) location on the uppermost part of consequent slopes (ridge crests) and (4) predominance of berry (Vaccinium sp.) thickets in the vegetation cover in tandem with the occurrence of mosses (Polytrichum strictum and Sphagnum sp.). Moss cover facilitated a pedogenic feedback setup by increased water storage which promoted more advanced weathering and increase in dissolved organic carbon content in the soil. In the consequence the pedogenic threshold of podzolization was crossed.

中文翻译：

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有利于复理石风化层形成的土壤中局部灰化的条件——来自波兰东南部 Bieszczady 山脉的案例研究

摘要 Podzolization 主要发生在由高度浸出和质地粗糙的母质形成的土壤中，这些土壤仍受潮湿气候条件的影响，森林或荒地植被提供足够的有机质以在矿质土壤表面形成有机层。然而，在某些环境条件下，在极其不利的母质类型中也发现了 Podzol 的发育，例如超基性岩或什至含有碳酸盐的风化层。在许多地理区域发现的复理石岩石风化层是土壤母体材料的一个例子，由于其高粘土、Ca 和 Mg 含量，被认为在其主要部分不利于灰化。由被认为对 Podzol 开发相当不利的材料形成的区域，其特征是在非常局部发生的 Podzolized 土壤可能有助于评估有利于这一过程发生的因素及其阈值。本研究的主要目的是确定触发波兰东南部 Bieszczady 山脉复理石形成的中山坡最上部土壤中灰化的最佳条件组合。同时，尝试确定研究区域土壤中局部灰化的成土阈值。所研究的土壤在土壤过程中表现出很大的变异性，并根据 WRB 将其分为四个不同的参考土壤组：Podzols、Cambisols、Umbrisols 和 Leptosols。八个土壤剖面中的两个显示出发育良好的 spodic 层，而另外两个剖面的特性可以通过隐足化和/或非火山土壤材料中的 andic 特性的形成来解释。在土壤形态变化（即土壤材料的颜色和稠度）、不稳定 C 和 Fe 和 Al 成土形式的垂直分布、矿物组成的变化（主要是绿泥石的溶解、混合层状粘土矿物的形成和各种非晶相的重新分布），以及微观形态特征（存在由 Fe 和 Al 有机化合物组成的单晶精细涂层）。然而，Podzols 的出现在整个研究区域受到强烈限制，并由环境条件的组合决定，例如四个关键因素的共同出现：(1) 潮湿和凉爽的气候，(2) 砂质质地和母质的矿物成分占主导地位石英，(3) 位于后续斜坡的最上部 (山脊顶部) 和 (4) 浆果（牛痘属）灌木丛在植被覆盖中占优势，同时出现苔藓（Polytrichum strictum 和 Sphagnum sp.） . 苔藓覆盖通过增加储水促进了更高级的风化和土壤中溶解有机碳含量的增加，从而促进了成土反馈设置。结果，跨越了灰化的成土阈值。(2) 以石英为主的母质的砂质质地和矿物组成，(3) 位于后续斜坡的最上部 (山脊顶部) 和 (4) 植被覆盖中浆果 (Vaccinium sp.) 灌木丛占优势，与苔藓（Polytrichum strictum 和Sphagnum sp.）的出现。苔藓覆盖通过增加储水促进了更高级的风化和土壤中溶解有机碳含量的增加，从而促进了成土反馈设置。结果，跨越了灰化的成土阈值。(2) 以石英为主的母质的砂质质地和矿物组成，(3) 位于后续斜坡的最上部 (山脊顶部) 和 (4) 植被覆盖中浆果 (Vaccinium sp.) 灌木丛占优势，与苔藓（Polytrichum strictum 和Sphagnum sp.）的出现。苔藓覆盖通过增加储水促进了更高级的风化和土壤中溶解有机碳含量的增加，从而促进了成土反馈设置。结果，跨越了灰化的成土阈值。苔藓覆盖通过增加储水促进了更高级的风化和土壤中溶解有机碳含量的增加，从而促进了成土反馈设置。结果，跨越了灰化的成土阈值。苔藓覆盖通过增加储水促进了更高级的风化和土壤中溶解有机碳含量的增加，从而促进了成土反馈设置。结果，跨越了灰化的成土阈值。