Nowadays, by rapid development of economies and industries, water contamination through the heavy metal ions (toxic, non-toxic and radioactive) is a great concern and an important environmental problem. Currently, numerous techniques such as chemical precipitation, coagulation, ion-exchange, filtration, reverse osmosis, biological treatment and physical adsorption are presented by researchers for removing and recycling heavy metal ions from wastewater. Among these methods, adsorption approach is one of the most efficient techniques for the elimination of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. There are a number of low cost absorbent such as agricultural and industrial solid waste such as lingo-cellulosic materials, wheat bran, peanut shell, moss peat, fly ash, bagasse, tree fern, gram husk, nanostructures (such as TiO₂, SiO₂, SnO₂, ZnO, etc.), 3D porous structures (aerogels), etc. which have been developed and tested to efficient removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater. In this study, a critical review of the applications of aerogels in water and sewage purifications is performed. For this reason, different kinds of aerogel namely organic, inorganic and organic-inorganic hybrid aerogels are investigated. It is concluded that the most applicable aerogels used in these studies are graphene-based aerogels due to more porous structure as well as simplification of their modification. Also, in this review paper, for the first time we summarized and highlighted the recent literature information about heavy metal ions and theirs removal methods from aqueous pollutants and wastewater/water, adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics models by different type of three dimensional (3D) porous structure. In additional, in this review article, the influence of various parameters such as pH solution, temperature, initial concentration of heavy metal ions, composition, contact time, coexisting ions and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process of heavy metal ions were investigated.

如今，随着经济和工业的快速发展，重金属离子（有毒，无毒和放射性）对水的污染已成为人们关注的重大问题，也是一个重要的环境问题。目前，研究人员提出了许多技术，例如化学沉淀，凝聚，离子交换，过滤，反渗透，生物处理和物理吸附，以去除和回收废水中的重金属离子。在这些方法中，吸附法是从水溶液中消除重金属离子的最有效技术之一。有许多低成本的吸收剂，例如农业和工业固体废物，例如语言纤维素材料，麦麸，花生壳，苔藓泥炭，粉煤灰，甘蔗渣，树蕨，革皮，纳米结构（例如TiO ₂，SiO ₂，SnO ₂（例如ZnO等），3D多孔结构（气凝胶）等，它们已经过开发和测试，可有效去除废水中的重金属离子。在这项研究中，对气凝胶在水和污水净化中的应用进行了严格的审查。因此，研究了不同种类的气凝胶，即有机，无机和有机-无机混合气凝胶。结论是，这些研究中使用的最合适的气凝胶是基于石墨烯的气凝胶，这是由于其具有更多的多孔结构以及简化了其修饰。另外，在这篇综述文章中，我们首次总结并着重介绍了有关重金属离子及其从含水污染物和废水/水中的去除方法，吸附动力学，等温线和热力学模型的不同类型的三维（3D）多孔结构。另外，在这篇综述文章中，研究了pH溶液，温度，重金属离子的初始浓度，组成，接触时间，共存离子和吸附剂用量等各种参数对重金属离子吸附过程的影响。