Listeria rhombencephalitis (L. rhombencephalitis) is an uncommon form of central nervous system infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes (LM). It often occurs to immunocompetent individuals. Here, we described the case of a 45-year-old female patient without medical histories, who presented for high-grade fever, headache, and focal neurological manifestations. She was initially empirically diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) because of clinical symptoms, acute clinical course, and neuroimaging. However, the biochemical analysis of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) questioned the diagnosis of ADEM. The final diagnosis of L. rhombencephalitis was based on CSF culture for LM. Thus, L. rhombencephalitis should be preferentially and empirically considered for a patient with significantly elevated lactic acid and moderately increased red cells in CSF at early time, accompanied with rapidly progressive neurological dysfunctions involved in the brain stem.

李斯特菌 ( L. rhombencephalitis) 是由单核细胞增生李斯特菌 (LM) 引起的一种罕见的中枢神经系统感染形式。它经常发生在有免疫能力的人身上。在这里，我们描述了一个没有病史的 45 岁女性患者，她因高烧、头痛和局灶性神经系统表现就诊。由于临床症状、急性临床病程和神经影像学检查，她最初凭经验被诊断为急性播散性脑脊髓炎 (ADEM)。然而，脑脊液 (CSF) 的生化分析对 ADEM 的诊断提出了质疑。L. rhombencephalitis的最终诊断是基于 LM 的 CSF 培养。因此，L。 对于早期乳酸显着升高和脑脊液中红细胞中度增加，伴有脑干涉及的快速进行性神经功能障碍的患者，应优先考虑经验性菱形脑炎。